Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bibēn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *bibāną.

Verb

*bibēn

1. to tremble

Inflection

Class 3 weak
Infinitive	*bibēn
1st sg. past	*bib?dā
Infinitive	*bibēn
Genitive infin.	*bibēnijas
Dative infin.	*bibēnijē
Instrum. infin.	*bibēniju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*bibē	*bib?dā
2nd singular	*bibēs	*bib?dēs, *bib?dēs
3rd singular	*bibēþ	*bib?dē, *bib?dā
1st plural	*bibēm	*bib?dum
2nd plural	*bibēþ	*bib?dud
3rd plural	*bibēnþ	*bib?dun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*bibē	*bib?dī
2nd singular	*bibēs	*bib?dī
3rd singular	*bibē	*bib?dī
1st plural	*bibēm	*bib?dīm
2nd plural	*bibēþ	*bib?dīd
3rd plural	*bibēn	*bib?dīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*bibē
Plural	*bibēþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*bibēndī	*bib?d

Descendants

• Old English: bifian, biofian, beofian
  • Middle English: bivien, beovien, buvien; befien, byfien, beovien
    • English: bive
    • ⇒ Middle English: biveren, bevere, beveren
      • English: bever, bibber (Irish)
      • Scots: bever, baiver, baver, bevver
      • Yola: bebber
• Old Frisian: bivia
  • North Frisian: bevern
  • Saterland Frisian: bieuwje
  • West Frisian: beevje
• Old Saxon: bivon
  • Middle Low German: bēven
    • German Low German: beven
    • ⇒ Middle Low German: *bibberen
      • German Low German: bibbern
        • → German: bibbern
• Old Dutch: *bivon
  • Middle Dutch: bēven
    • Dutch: beven
      • Afrikaans: bewe
      • Berbice Creole Dutch: befu
      • Negerhollands: beev, beeven
      • → Aukan: beifi
      • → Sranan Tongo: beifi
• Old High German: bibēn
  • Middle High German: biben
    • Cimbrian: böoban
    • German: beben (influenced by Middle Low German beven)
    • Luxembourgish: biewen