Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kuning

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Germanic *kuningaz.

Noun edit

*kuning m^[1]

king

Inflection edit

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kuning
Genitive	*kuningas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kuning	kuningō, kuningōs
Accusative	*kuning	*kuningā
Genitive	*kuningas	*kuningō
Dative	*kuningē	*kuningum
Instrumental	*kuningu	*kuningum

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Old English: cyning, cyng, cyneg, cynig, cuning, kyning, kining, kuning, cyncg, cyngc, kyningc; kung
- Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig; gug, kug; knyng; chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
  - English: king (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: keeng, king
  - Yola: kinge, king
- → English: cyning (learned)
Old Frisian: kening, kining, kinig, keneng, koning
- North Frisian: köning, könning, käning
- Saterland Frisian: Kening
- West Frisian: kening
Old Saxon: kuning
- Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig
  - Low German:
    - Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning
    - German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig
      - Plautdietsch: Kjennich
  - → Latgalian: kieneņš
  - → Latvian: ķēniņš
  - → Saterland Frisian: König, Köänig
  - → West Frisian: keuning
Old Dutch: kuning, cunig
- Middle Dutch: cōninc
  - Dutch: koning
    - Afrikaans: koning
    - Negerhollands: koning, kiniṅ
    - → Mohegan-Pequot: kunnung
    - → Sranan Tongo: kownu
      - → Lokono: kónoe
      - → Aukan: konu
      - → Kari'na: konu
  - Limburgish: keuning
Old High German: kuning, cuning, chuninc, chuning, khuninc
- Middle High German: künic, künec
  - Alemannic German: Künig, Chüng, Keenig
  - Bavarian: Kine, Kini, Kenig, Kineng
  - Central Franconian: Kinnik, Künning, Künnik
  - Cimbrian: khuuneg
  - German: König
  - Luxembourgish: Kinnek
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Pennsylvania German: Keenich
  - Vilamovian: kyng
  - Yiddish: קיניג (kinig), קעניג (kenig)

References edit

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45: “PWGmc *kuning”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45: “PWGmc *kuning”

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