amddiffyn
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
am- + diffyn, from Proto-Brythonic *difɨnnɨd, from Vulgar Latin *dīfendō, from Latin dēfendō (“defend”).
Pronunciation edit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /amˈðɪfɨ̞n/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /amˈðɪfɪn/
- Rhymes: -ɪfɨ̞n
Verb edit
amddiffyn (first-person singular present amddiffynnaf)
Conjugation edit
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | amddiffynnaf | amddiffynni | amddiffyn, amddiffynna | amddiffynnwn | amddiffynnwch | amddiffynnant | amddiffynnir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
amddiffynnwn | amddiffynnit | amddiffynnai | amddiffynnem | amddiffynnech | amddiffynnent | amddiffynnid | |
| preterite | amddiffynnais | amddiffynnaist | amddiffynnodd | amddiffynasom | amddiffynasoch | amddiffynasant | amddiffynnwyd | |
| pluperfect | amddiffynaswn | amddiffynasit | amddiffynasai | amddiffynasem | amddiffynasech | amddiffynasent | amddiffynasid, amddiffynesid | |
| present subjunctive | amddiffynnwyf | amddiffynnych | amddiffynno | amddiffynnom | amddiffynnoch | amddiffynnont | amddiffynner | |
| imperative | — | amddiffynna | amddiffynned | amddiffynnwn | amddiffynnwch | amddiffynnent | amddiffynner | |
| verbal noun | amddiffyn | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | amddiffynedig amddiffynadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | amddiffynna i, amddiffynnaf i | amddiffynni di | amddiffynnith o/e/hi, amddiffynniff e/hi | amddiffynnwn ni | amddiffynnwch chi | amddiffynnan nhw |
| conditional | amddifynnwn i, amddifynswn i | amddifynnet ti, amddifynset ti | amddiffynnai fo/fe/hi, amddifynsai fo/fe/hi | amddifynnen ni, amddifynsen ni | amddifynnech chi, amddifynsech chi | amddifynnen nhw, amddifynsen nhw |
| preterite | amddiffynnais i, amddiffynnes i | amddiffynnaist ti, amddiffynnest ti | amddiffynnodd o/e/hi | amddiffynnon ni | amddiffynnoch chi | amddiffynnon nhw |
| imperative | — | amddiffynna | — | — | amddiffynnwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms edit
Mutation edit
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
| amddiffyn | unchanged | unchanged | hamddiffyn |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “amddiffynnaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies