denus

Latin edit

**Latin numbers ^(edit)**
		100
← 1	← 9	X 10	11 →	20 → ^{[a], [b]}
		1
Cardinal: decem Ordinal: decimus Adverbial: deciēs, deciēns Multiplier: decuplus, decuplex, decemplus, decemplex Distributive: dēnus Fractional: decima, decimus

Alternative forms edit

decēnus (Late Latin)

Etymology edit

Apparently from earlier *deksnos, equivalent to dec(em) +‎ -nus.

Pronunciation edit

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈdeː.nus/, [ˈd̪eːnʊs̠]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈde.nus/, [ˈd̪ɛːnus]

Numeral edit

dēnus (feminine dēna, neuter dēnum); first/second-declension numeral

(in the plural) Ten each.
(poetic) Ten.
- c. 397 CE – 430 CE, Cyprianus Gallus, Iesu Naue 438:
  Etsi quater denus bis iam mihi volvitur annus

Usage notes edit

This is part of the Latin series of distributive numerals. These numerals are inflected as first/second-declension adjectives; in Classical Latin, they typically accompany plural nouns (with which they agree in case and gender) and have the following functions:

to express the sense “[numeral] [noun]s each/apiece”, as in hominis digiti ternos articulos habent, “a man’s fingers have three joints each” (Pliny the Elder, Natural History 11.244.3).

to express multiplication after a numeral adverb,^[1] as in Gallinaciis enim pullis bis deni dies opus sunt, pavoninis ter noveni "hens' [eggs] need twice ten days, peahens' thrice nine" (Marcus Terentius Varro, Res Rusticae 3.9.10)

to express the sense of cardinal numerals when used with pluralia tantum (plural-only nouns) such as castra "camp":^[1] for example, "twelve camps" is expressed by duodēna castra (Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.105.5). Distributive forms are regularly used in this context for the number 2 and for all numbers greater than 4. For 1, plural-only nouns are used with plural inflected forms of the cardinal ūnus (“one”), as in ūnae scālae "one flight of stairs" (rather than with forms of the distributive numeral singulus). For 3 and 4, plural-only nouns are used with the plural inflected forms of trīnus^[2] and quadrīnus, as in trīna castra "three camps" (rather than with forms of ternus and quaternus, which tend to be used in distributive function^[3]).

These adjectives do not normally occur in the singular.^[4] Because of this, many grammars and dictionaries treat them as plural-only words and refer to them using the nominative masculine plural form in -ī, rather than the nominative masculine singular form in -us (which is often unattested in Classical Latin). However, some of these adjectives are attested in the singular in Classical Latin poetry^[1] (e.g. Sed neque Centauri fuerunt, nec tempore in ullo / esse queunt duplici natura et corpore bino..., Titus Lucretius Carus, De Rerum Natura 5.879, and Sic tu bis fueris consul, bis consul et ille, / inque domo binus conspicietur honor, Publius Ovidius Naso, Epistulae ex Ponto 4.9.64; "corpore bino" here seems to have the sense of "twofold body", and "binus ... honor" the sense of "double/dual/twofold honor"). Singular forms are also attested in postclassical Latin, where these adjectives sometimes have non-distributive meanings (taking an ordinal, cardinal, or collective sense instead). These alternative senses are sometimes continued by Romance descendants (e.g. Spanish noveno (“ninth”) from Latin novēnus).

The genitive plural of singulus is usually singulōrum/singulārum, but distributive numerals greater than one commonly use short genitive plural forms ending in -um rather than the longer forms ending in -ōrum and -ārum.^[4]^[2]

Declension edit

First/second-declension adjective (distributive, normally plural-only; short genitive plurals in -num preferred).

Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Number	Singular			Plural
Nominative	dēnus	dēna	dēnum	dēnī	dēnae	dēna
Genitive	dēnī	dēnae	dēnī	dēnum dēnōrum	dēnum dēnārum	dēnum dēnōrum
Dative	dēnō	dēnae	dēnō	dēnīs
Accusative	dēnum	dēnam	dēnum	dēnōs	dēnās	dēna
Ablative	dēnō	dēnā	dēnō	dēnīs
Vocative	dēne	dēna	dēnum	dēnī	dēnae	dēna

Derived terms edit

dēnārius

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Henry John Roby (1876) A Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius, volume 1, pages 443-444
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 J. P. Postgate (1907) “The so-called Distributives in Latin”, in The Classical Review, volume 21, number 7, page 201
^ S. E. Jackson (1909) “Indogermanic Numerals”, in The Classical Review, volume 23, number 7, page 164
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, page 101