gsꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɡɛsɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: gesa

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to tilt

Inflection

Conjugation of gsꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: gsꜣ, geminated stem: gsꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
gsꜣ	gsꜣw, gsꜣ	gsꜣt	gsꜣ	gsꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
gsꜣ	ḥr gsꜣ	m gsꜣ	r gsꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	gsꜣ.n	consecutive	gsꜣ.jn
terminative	gsꜣt
perfective3	gsꜣ	obligative1	gsꜣ.ḫr
imperfective	gsꜣ
prospective3	gsꜣ	potentialis1	gsꜣ.kꜣ
subjunctive	gsꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	gsꜣ.n	—	—
perfective	gsꜣ	gsꜣ	gsꜣ, gsꜣw5, gsꜣy5
imperfective	gsꜣ, gsꜣy, gsꜣw5	gsꜣ, gsꜣj6, gsꜣy6	gsꜣ, gsꜣw5
prospective	gsꜣ, gsꜣtj7	gsꜣtj4, gsꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 284.