jmj

See also: JMJ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /jaˈmij/ → /jaˈmij/ → /ʔəˈmeʔ/ → /ʔəˈmeʔ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /jaˈmij/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /jaˈmij/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔəˈmeʔ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔəˈmeʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /imi/
  • Conventional anglicization: imi

Etymology 1

m (“in”) +‎ -j (“nisba ending”).

Adjective

1. inherent (in), being (in)
2. (after an adjective, forming the superlative) -est of, -est among

Inflection

Declension of jmj (nisba adjective)

	masculine	feminine
singular	jmj	jmt
dual	jmjwj, jmwj	jmtj
plural	jmjw, jmw	jmwt1, jmt2
Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jmj  

jm	jm	jm	jm	jm

Derived terms

• jmj jb
• jmj-ꜥḥ
• jmjw-jꜣwt.sn
• jmj bꜣḥ
• jmj-r
• jmj-rn.f
• jmj ḥꜣt
• jmj-ḫnt
• jmj-ḫt
• jmj-dwꜣt
• jmj-ḏw
• jmt-pr

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈjiːmit/ → /ˈjiːmiʔ/ → /ˈʔiːma/ → /ˈʔiːmə/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjiːmit/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjiːmiʔ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔiːma/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔiːmə/

Verb

 3ae inf.

1. (transitive) to not be
2. (catenative, with a verb in the negatival complement) to not do

Inflection

Conjugation of jmj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: jm, geminated stem: jmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jmt, jmj	jmw, jm	jmt, jmwt, jmyt	jm	jm, jmy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jm8, jmm8	ḥr jmt, ḥr jmj	m jmt, m jmj	r jmt, r jmj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jm.n	jmw, jm, jmy	consecutive	jm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jmt, jmyt
perfective3	jm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jm, jmy	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jmw, jm, jmy	jmw, jm, jmy	potentialis1	jm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jm, jmy	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jmw1, jmy, jm	active + .tj1, .tw2	jm	jmy, jm
imperfective	jmm, jmmy, jmmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jmm, jmmj6, jmmy6	jmm, jmmw5
prospective	jmw1, jmy, jm, jmtj7	—	jmwtj1 4, jmtj4, jmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

In Middle Egyptian this is a defective verb, used only in the subjunctive and imperative. The imperative in this case becomes usually written as simply or m.

Derived terms

• m-jr
• m-jr-djt
• m-dyt

Etymology 3

Verb

1. imperative of rḏj (“to give, to cause”)
2. (Late Egyptian, with following verb in the subjunctive-prospective) forms the causative imperative

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jmj  

jmm	jmmtw	jmm	jmm
[Late Egyptian]	[Late Egyptian]	[since the New Kingdom]	[since the New Kingdom]

The writing with two s is conventionally transliterated jmm but in fact likely represents only a single m; one of the signs was originally a phonetic complement to biliteral standing for jm, but later took on a uniliteral value m and so became considered interchangeable with , resulting in the new writing with two s.

Descendants

• Coptic: ⲙ- (m-)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 91, 160, 190–191, 260, 415.
• Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 78–79