limoger
French edit
Etymology edit
From Limoges + -er. From the town of Limoges, which was far away from the World War I front and where General Joseph Joffre, Commander-in-Chief of the French forces from 1914 to 1916, consequently sent senior staff whom he considered useless and had relieved from actual command. Attested since 1916.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
limoger
- (transitive) to dismiss (usually of senior staff, such as a minister, general, bishop, ambassador, etc), kick upstairs
- 1927, Marcel Proust, Le Temps retrouvé [Time Regained] (À la recherche du temps perdu)[1]:
- Mme Verdurin disait : « C’est désolant, je vais téléphoner à Bontemps de faire le nécessaire pour demain, on a encore « caviardé » toute la fin de l’article de Norpois et simplement parce qu’il laissait entendre qu’on avait « limogé » Percin. »
- Mme Verdurin said, “It is deplorable, I shall telephone to Bontemps to do what is necessary to-morrow. They have again ‘censored’ the whole end of Norpois' article simply because he let it be understood that they had ‘dismissed’ Percin.”
- 2021 June 30, “Corée du Nord : plusieurs hauts responsables limogés après un «grave incident» lié au Covid-19 [North Korea: several senior officials sacked after a "serious incident" linked to Covid-19]”, in Le Figaro[2]:
- Le dirigeant nord-coréen Kim Jong Un a limogé plusieurs hauts responsables du pays en raison d’un «grave incident» lié à la lutte contre la pandémie de Covid-19, a annoncé mercredi 30 juin l’agence officielle KCNA.
- The North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has sacked several senior officials of the country because of a "serious incident" linked to the struggle against the Covid-19 pandemic, reported the official agency KCNA on Wednesday 30 June.
Conjugation edit
This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written limoge- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a "soft" /ʒ/ and not a "hard" /ɡ/). This spelling-change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.
Conjugation of limoger (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive | simple | limoger | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | limogeant /li.mɔ.ʒɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | limogé /li.mɔ.ʒe/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | limoge /li.mɔʒ/ |
limoges /li.mɔʒ/ |
limoge /li.mɔʒ/ |
limogeons /li.mɔ.ʒɔ̃/ |
limogez /li.mɔ.ʒe/ |
limogent /li.mɔʒ/ |
imperfect | limogeais /li.mɔ.ʒɛ/ |
limogeais /li.mɔ.ʒɛ/ |
limogeait /li.mɔ.ʒɛ/ |
limogions /li.mɔ.ʒjɔ̃/ |
limogiez /li.mɔ.ʒje/ |
limogeaient /li.mɔ.ʒɛ/ | |
past historic2 | limogeai /li.mɔ.ʒe/ |
limogeas /li.mɔ.ʒa/ |
limogea /li.mɔ.ʒa/ |
limogeâmes /li.mɔ.ʒam/ |
limogeâtes /li.mɔ.ʒat/ |
limogèrent /li.mɔ.ʒɛʁ/ | |
future | limogerai /li.mɔʒ.ʁe/ |
limogeras /li.mɔʒ.ʁa/ |
limogera /li.mɔʒ.ʁa/ |
limogerons /li.mɔʒ.ʁɔ̃/ |
limogerez /li.mɔʒ.ʁe/ |
limogeront /li.mɔʒ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | limogerais /li.mɔʒ.ʁɛ/ |
limogerais /li.mɔʒ.ʁɛ/ |
limogerait /li.mɔʒ.ʁɛ/ |
limogerions /li.mɔ.ʒə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
limogeriez /li.mɔ.ʒə.ʁje/ |
limogeraient /li.mɔʒ.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | limoge /li.mɔʒ/ |
limoges /li.mɔʒ/ |
limoge /li.mɔʒ/ |
limogions /li.mɔ.ʒjɔ̃/ |
limogiez /li.mɔ.ʒje/ |
limogent /li.mɔʒ/ |
imperfect2 | limogeasse /li.mɔ.ʒas/ |
limogeasses /li.mɔ.ʒas/ |
limogeât /li.mɔ.ʒa/ |
limogeassions /li.mɔ.ʒa.sjɔ̃/ |
limogeassiez /li.mɔ.ʒa.sje/ |
limogeassent /li.mɔ.ʒas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | limoge /li.mɔʒ/ |
— | limogeons /li.mɔ.ʒɔ̃/ |
limogez /li.mɔ.ʒe/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Further reading edit
- “limoger”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.