lingkungan
Indonesian edit
Etymology edit
Affixed lingkung + -an, inherited from Malay lingkungan, from Classical Malay lingkungan (“area”).
- The sense “environment” is a semantic loan from Dutch omgeving.
- The sense “circle, group” is a semantic loan from Dutch kring. Compare to loanword as Indonesian kring (“subdivision of a parish”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lingkungan (plural lingkungan-lingkungan, first-person possessive lingkunganku, second-person possessive lingkunganmu, third-person possessive lingkungannya)
- environment,
- the surroundings of, and influences on, a particular item of interest.
- the natural world or ecosystem.
- all the elements that affect a system or its inputs and outputs.
- (computing) the software and/or hardware existing on any particular computer system.
- area, a particular geographic region.
- circle, group.
- (Catholicism) subdivision of a parish.
- Synonym: kring
- (sociology) short for lingkungan tetangga (“neighbourhood”).
- Synonym: kejiranan (Standard Malay)
Synonyms edit
- (environment): alam sekitar (Standard Malay)
- (environment): persekitaran (Standard Malay)
Further reading edit
- “lingkungan” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Malay edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
lingkungan (plural lingkungan-lingkungan, informal 1st possessive lingkunganku, 2nd possessive lingkunganmu, 3rd possessive lingkungannya)
Descendants edit
- Indonesian: lingkungan
Further reading edit
- “lingkungan” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.