Egyptian
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Etymology
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Possibly related to Arabic سَبَّحَ (sabbaḥa, “to praise, to glorify”) and Hebrew שבח (shibéakh, “to praise, to appreciate”).
Pronunciation
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3-lit.
- (intransitive) to cry out, to scream (in pain or lamentation) [since the Pyramid Texts]
- (intransitive, of birds) to produce a birdcall, to cry, to call
Inflection
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Conjugation of sbḥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sbḥ, geminated stem: sbḥḥ
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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sbḥ
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sbḥw, sbḥ
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sbḥt
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sbḥ
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sbḥ
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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sbḥ
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ḥr sbḥ
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m sbḥ
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r sbḥ
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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| perfect
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sbḥ.n
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consecutive
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sbḥ.jn
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| terminative
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sbḥt
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| perfective3
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sbḥ
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obligative1
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sbḥ.ḫr
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| imperfective
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sbḥ
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| prospective3
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sbḥ
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potentialis1
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sbḥ.kꜣ
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| subjunctive
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sbḥ
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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sbḥ.n
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—
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—
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| perfective
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sbḥ
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sbḥ
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sbḥ, sbḥw5, sbḥy5
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| imperfective
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sbḥ, sbḥy, sbḥw5
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sbḥ, sbḥj6, sbḥy6
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sbḥ, sbḥw5
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| prospective
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sbḥ, sbḥtj7
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sbḥtj4, sbḥt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sbḥ
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| sbḥ
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sbḥ
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sbḥ
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sbḥ
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sbḥ
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| [Pyramid Texts]
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[Pyramid Texts]
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[since the Pyramid Texts]
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[since the Pyramid Texts]
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[since the Middle Kingdom]
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m
- cry, scream, shriek [since the Pyramid Texts]
Inflection
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Declension of sbḥ (masculine)
Alternative forms
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See under the verb above.
References
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- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 90.11–91.7
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 112
