Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sitjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti, from the root *sed- (“to sit”). Formal cognate with Ancient Greek ἕζομαι (hézomai).

Reconstruction edit

There is dialectal variation with and without the *j, the reason for which is disputed. An alternative reconstruction assumes pre-Germanic *sed-éi-ti ~ *sed-i-énti.^[1]

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈsit.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*sitjaną^[2]

to sit

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *sitjaną (strong class 5 j-present)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*sitjō	*sitjaų	—	*sitjai	?
2nd singular	*sitisi	*sitjais	*siti	*sitjasai	*sitjaisau
3rd singular	*sitiþi	*sitjai	*sitjaþau	*sitjaþai	*sitjaiþau
1st dual	*sitjōs	*sitjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*sitjaþiz	*sitjaiþiz	*sitjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*sitjamaz	*sitjaim	—	*sitjanþai	*sitjainþau
2nd plural	*sitiþ	*sitjaiþ	*sitiþ	*sitjanþai	*sitjainþau
3rd plural	*sitjanþi	*sitjain	*sitjanþau	*sitjanþai	*sitjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sat	*sētį̄
2nd singular	*sast	*sētīz
3rd singular	*sat	*sētī
1st dual	*sētū	*sētīw
2nd dual	*sētudiz	*sētīdiz
1st plural	*sētum	*sētīm
2nd plural	*sētud	*sētīd
3rd plural	*sētun	*sētīn

	present	past
participles	*sitjandz	*setanaz

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

*satjaną

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *sittjan
- Old English: sittan
  - Middle English: sitten, zitten, zitte
    - English: sit
    - Scots: sit
    - Yola: zit
- Old Frisian: sitta
  - West Frisian: sitte
- Old Saxon: sittian
  - Low German: sitten
- Old Dutch: sitten
  - Middle Dutch: sitten
    - Dutch: zitten
      - Afrikaans: sit
- Old High German: sizzen, sitten
  - Middle High German: sitzen
    - Alemannic German:
      Swabian: sitza
    - Central Franconian: setze
    - Cimbrian: zètzan (suppletive; some conjugations)
    - German: sitzen
    - Luxembourgish: sëtzen
    - Yiddish: זיצן (zitsn)
Old Norse: sitja
- Icelandic: sitja
- Faroese: sita
- Norwegian Nynorsk: sidda, sidde, sidja, sikia, sikje, sitja, sitje, sitta, sitte
- Jamtish: siti
- Elfdalian: sittja, sitta
- Old Swedish: sitia
  - Swedish: sitta
- Old Danish: sitiæ, sitæ, sittæ
  - Danish: sidde
    - Norwegian Bokmål: sitte
  - Scanian: seda
- Old Gutnish: sitia
  - Gutnish: sitä, site, sitte
Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (sitan)

References edit

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*set(j)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 434
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[Kroonen-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*set(j)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 434

[Ringe-2] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[1]

[2]