𐰼 U+10C3C, 𐰼
OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AER
𐰻
[U+10C3B]
Old Turkic 𐰽
[U+10C3D]

Old Turkic

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Etymology 1

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Derived from Ancient Greek Ρ (R, rho) through intermediaries.

Letter

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𐰼 ()

  1. A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with front vowels.

References

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Etymology 2

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Inherited from Proto-Turkic *er- (to be). Cognate with Turkish imek (to be), Uzbek emoq, Yakut эр (er, to be).

Verb

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𐰼 (er-)

  1. (intransitive) to be (something, somewhere)
    • 9th century CE, Irk Bitig, Omen 5:
      𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰋𐰏:𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰾
      meŋilig:beg:er:ermiš
      Apparently he was a happy lord.
Derived terms
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References

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Etymology 3

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Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr (man). Cognate with Chuvash ар (ar), Khalaj hər, Turkish er, Uzbek er, Bashkir ир (ir), Khakas ир (ir). Compare also Mongolian эр (er).

Noun

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𐰼 (er)

  1. man, human male
    • 9th century CE, Irk Bitig, Omen 12:
      𐰼:𐰉𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾
      er:abqa:barmïš
      A man went hunting.

Adjective

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𐰼 (er)

  1. male

Derived terms

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References

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Etymology 4

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Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r- (to reach). Cognate with Turkish ermek. Compare also Hungarian ér (to reach)

Noun

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𐰼 (er-)

  1. (intransitive) to reach
Derived terms
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References

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  • Tekin, Talât (1968) “är”, in A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 328
  • Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ér”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 194
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ẹ̄r-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎[5], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Etymology 5

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Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Turkish -er.

Suffix

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𐰼 (-er, -ir, -r)

  1. Forms simple present tense and aorist tense
    𐱅𐰔 (tez-, to flee) + ‎𐰼 () → ‎𐱅𐰔𐰼 (tezer, he/she/it flees)
  2. Forms adjectives or nouns out of verbs
    𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kör-, to see) + ‎𐰼 () → ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰼 (körür, seeing)
Usage notes
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  1. In monosyllabic verbs, if the verb ends with l, r or n, it takes the form 𐰇𐰼 (-ür) or 𐰼 (-ir).
    𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, to know) + ‎𐰇𐰼 (ür²) → ‎𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰼 (bilir, he/she/it knows)
  2. In monosyllabic verbs, if the verb ends a vowel, it takes the form 𐰼 (-r) or 𐰘𐰇𐰼 (-yür).
    𐱅𐰃 (té-, to say) + ‎𐰼 () → ‎𐱅𐰃𐰼 (tér, he/she/it says)
    𐰇 (ö-, to think) + ‎𐰘𐰇𐰼 (y²ür²) → ‎𐰇𐰘𐰇𐰼 (öyür, he/she/it thinks)
  3. In polysyllabic verbs, if the verb ends with a consonant, it takes the form 𐰇𐰼 (-ür).
    𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣 (qazɣan-, to win, to conquer) + ‎𐰇𐰼 (ür²) → ‎𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺 (qazɣanur, he/she/it wins, conquers)
  4. In polysyllabic verbs, if the verb ends a vowel, it takes the form 𐰘𐰇𐰼 (-yür).
    𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰀 (meŋile-, to enjoy) + ‎𐰘𐰇𐰼 (y²ür²) → ‎𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼 (meŋileyür, he/she/it enjoys)
  5. For the negative form 𐰢𐰔 (-mez) is used instead.
    𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kör-, to see) + ‎𐰢𐰔 (mz) → ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰔 (körmez, he/she/it doesn't see)
Alternative forms
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