Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ēr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

• *er, *hēr, *her

Etymology

The word er 'man' according to Egorov (Eg. 30) is one of the oldest Turkic words and it is registered in almost all Turkic languages.

Compare Proto-Mongolic *ere (“male, man”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*ēr

1. man

Declension

Declension of *ēr

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*ēr
Accusative	*ērni, *ērig 4), *ērnig 1)
Genitive	*ērniŋ
Dative	*ērke
Locative	*ērte
Ablative	*ērten
Allative	*ērgerü
Instrumental 2)	*ērin
Equative 2)	*ērče
Similative 2)	*ērleyü
Comitative 2)	*ērligü

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Derived terms

• *eren (“plural of man; men”)
• *erler (“plural of man; men”)

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: ар (ar)

• Middle Turkic: er
• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: hər
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (er)
    • Azerbaijani: ər
    • Ottoman Turkish: ار (er)
      • Turkish: er
      • Gagauz: er
  • Turkmen: är
  • Salar: ır
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (er)
    • Chagatai: اير (er)
      • Uyghur: ئەر (er)
        • Ili Turki: er
      • Uzbek: er
• Kypchak:
  • North Kypchak:
    • Bashkir: ир (ir)
    • Tatar: ир (ir)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kipchak-Nogai:
      • Karakalpak: er
      • Kazakh: ер (er)
      • Nogai: эр (ér)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: эр (er)
      • Southern Altai: эр (er)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: er
    • Karachay-Balkar: эр (er)
    • Karaim:
      • Cyrillic script: эр
      • Latin script: er
    • Kumyk: эр (er)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰼 (er)
    • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (er)
      • Western Yugur: jer
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: эр
    • Yakut: эр (er)
  • South Siberian:
    • Yenissei Turkic
      • Khakas: ир (ir)
      • Shor: эр
    • Sayan turkic:
      • Soyot:эр (er)
      • Tofa: эр
      • Tuvan: эр (er)

References

• Karachay-Balkar Vocabulary of Proto-Turkic Origin, Volume 7 Studia turcologica Cracoviensia, Jagiellonian University, 2000. ISSN 1425-1973.
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “er”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 192