Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/izwiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈiz.wiz/

Pronoun

*izwiz

accusative/dative/instrumental of *jūz

Descendants

West Germanic: *iwwi (from dative/accusative of *jīz)
- Old English: ēow
  - Middle English: yow
    - English: you
    - Scots: you
  - ⇒ Old English: ēowic (with -c from the singular accusative pronouns)
- Old Frisian: jū, iu, jō, io
  - North Frisian: juu
  - Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
  - West Frisian: jo
- Old Saxon: iu, eu, iuu, giu
  - Middle Low German: jû, jûw
    - Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg
- Old Dutch: iu
  - Middle Dutch: u, ju
    - Dutch: u
- Old Dutch: *jū (northern variant)
  - Middle Dutch: jou
    - Dutch: jou, a (Brabant)
      - Afrikaans: jou
      - Jersey Dutch: jāu
      - Petjo: jou
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: asu
- Old High German: iu
  - Middle High German: iu
    - Alemannic German: öi
  - ⇒ Old High German: iuwih (with -h from the singular accusative pronouns)
    - Middle High German: iuch
      - Alemannic German: üüch
      - Cimbrian: òich
      - German: euch
      - Luxembourgish: iech
      - Yiddish: אײַך (aykh)
Old West Norse: yðr, iðʀ — Old East Norse
- Icelandic: yður
- Norwegian Nynorsk: øder, (dialectal) ør, dør, døre
Old East Norse: iðʀ, yðr — Old West Norse
- Old Swedish: iþer, idher
  - Swedish: eder, er
- Danish: eder, jer
  - Norwegian Bokmål: eder
- → Norwegian: (dialectal) der, dere
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: dere
Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 (izwis)