Appendix:Franco-Provençal morphology
(Sources: Stich 2001, 2005, 2018)
Consonant alternations
editOrthographic changes caused by a following vowel changing...
- ...from front (iêéèe) to non-front (œaâàoôu):
- c → ç (avanciér ‘to advance’ → avanço ‘I advance’)
- g → j (mengiér ‘to eat’ → menjo ‘I eat’)
- ...from non-front to front:
- c → qu (bèca ‘peak’ → bèques ‘peaks’)
- g → gu (blagar ‘ to jest’ → blague ‘he jests’)
- ç → c (fôça ‘false’ f sg → fôces ‘false’ f pl)
- j → g (rojo ‘red’ m sg → roge ‘red’ f sg)
Nouns
editAll nouns are either masculine, feminine, or both in variation.
Plurals are formed by adding -s. For feminine nouns ending in -a, the addition of -s is followed by a change in the preceding vowel to e.
- homo → homos ‘men’
- chat → chats ‘male cats’
- man → mans ‘hands’
- branche → branches ‘branches’
- fèna → fènes ‘women’
If the singular ends in s/x/z, the plural is the same as the singular:
- folx ‘scythe’ or ‘scythes’
Adjectives
editThe plurals are formed as they are for nouns.
The feminine is generally formed by adding -a to the masculine. If the masculine ends in -o, that vowel is deleted in the feminine:
- dur, dura ‘hard’
- âpro, âpra ‘rough’
If the masculine ends in the adjective-forming suffix -ox, the feminine will have -osa:
- coragiox, coragiosa ‘brave’
There are many adjectives with irregular feminines:
- bon, bôna ‘good’
- dox, doce ‘soft’
- ètranjo, ètrange ‘unusual’
- blanc, blanche ‘white’
- sèc, sèche ‘dry’
...and some that are invariant for gender:
- veré, veré ‘true’
...and some with more than one possible feminine:
- fôx, fôssa~fôça ‘false’
- frêd, frêda~frêde ‘cold’
- entiér, entiéra~entiére ‘whole’
- grant, granta~grant ‘large’
Verbs
editSubject pronouns are often omitted in the first person singular, third person singular, and third-person plural.
Compound tenses are constructed as in French using the auxiliaries avêr ‘to have’ and étre ‘to be’. The choice of auxiliary most often matches French usage. The passive always uses étre. Compound tenses of étre itself, and also pronominal verbs, may use either étre or avêr. I have omitted all of this from the tables below for simplicity.
Speakers often confuse the future and conditional.
In some dialects, especially in Bressan and Jurassien, the first-person plural conjugations may be lost: nos chantens ‘we sing’ → on chante (as in everyday French).
The preterite is completely lost in Valdôtain, the Swiss dialects, part of Bressan, and part of Savoyard. In dialects where the preterite survives, it may be defective for various person/number combinations, depending on the verb.
Dialects with a clear distinction between the present and imperfect subjunctive are a minority. It is common for one of the subjunctives to be lost in favour of the other, or for the two to coexist in free variation.
In the inflection tables below, any forms placed in braces, as in {alâves}, are ones that I have filled in myself on the basis of other verb tables. I've had to do this because the source omits what it regards as trivial repetitions. I have placed a checkmark (✓) after the filled-in forms which can be found in the various Franco-Provençal texts quoted in Stich 2001 or via a search in the LTA dictionary.
Local variations:
- The 1PL ending -ens may be replaced by -ons in western dialects.
Conjugation 1 (-ar/-ier)
editLocal variations:
- The 2PL -d in the present indicative and imperative may be replaced by -de in eastern dialects (as in chantâd → chantâde ‘you sing’)
- In the Valdôtain dialect, the ending in conjugation 1B is merged with that of conjugation 1A (as in mengiéd → mengiâde ‘you eat’, as opposed to mengiéde in some other eastern dialects).
- In the 1SG imperative indicative, some dialects have -a (continuing the Latin -ābam) instead of -o
- Feminine past participles:
- In Forézien conjugation 1A may instead have -âsa/-êses, as in chantâsa ‘sung’
- In Valaisan and Valdôtain conjugation 1B may instead have -(i)êye/-(i)êye(s)
Type A (-ar)
editFrom Latin -āre. These verbs are regular apart from:
- alar ‘to go’
- some verbs that have vowel alternations determined by stress:
- abordar : abôrdo
- achetar : achèto (cf. French acheter : achète)
- afanar : afâno
- amar : âmo
alar ‘to go’
editStich 2001 pages 265–6, 1073; Stich 2005 pages 184–5. As with French aller, the imperatives have special -s forms when followed by y, as in vas-y, alâds-y. In Foréz the past participle is anâ, borrowed from Occitan anat.
Infinitive | alar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | alent
alant | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | alâ | {alâ}✓
{alâye}✓ | ||||
plural | {alâs}✓ | {alâs}✓
{alâyes}✓ {alês} | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | vé
véso vâ |
vas
vés |
vat | alens
vans vens |
alâd | vant
vont |
Imperfect | {alê}✓
alâvo |
{alês}✓
{alâves}✓ |
{alêt}✓
{alâve}✓ |
{alians}✓
{alâvens}✓ |
{aliâd}✓
{alâvâd} |
{aliant}✓
{alâvont}✓ |
Preterite | alé
aléro |
alés
aléres |
alat
alét |
alens
alérens |
aléte
alérâd aléréd |
aléront |
Future | alré
aleré iré veré |
{alrés}✓
{alerés}✓ {irés}✓ {verés}✓ |
{alrat}✓
{alerat}✓ {irat}✓ {verat}✓ |
{alrens}✓
{alerens}✓ {irens}✓ {verens}✓ |
{alréd}✓
{aleréd}✓ {iréd}✓ {veréd}✓ |
{alront}✓
{aleront}✓ {iront}✓ {veront}✓ |
Conditional | {alrê}✓
{alrên}✓ {alerê}✓ {alerên}✓ {irê}✓ {irên}✓ {verê}✓ {verên}✓ |
{alrês}✓
{alerês}✓ {irês}✓ {verês}✓ |
{alrêt}✓
{alerêt}✓ {irêt}✓ {verêt}✓ |
{alrans}
{alerans} {irans} {veran} {alrians}✓ {alerians}✓ {irians}✓ {verians}✓ |
{alrâd}
{alerâd} {irâd} {verâd} {alriâd}✓ {aleriâd}✓ {iriâd}✓ {veriâd}✓ |
{alrant}
{alerant} {irant} {verant} {alriant}✓ {aleriant}✓ {iriant}✓ {veriant}✓ |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | alo
alyo |
{ales}✓
{alyes}✓ |
{ale}✓
{alye}✓ |
{alens}✓
{alyens}✓ |
{alâd}
{alyâd}✓ |
{alont}✓
{alyont}✓ |
Imperfect | aléso
alésso |
{aléses}
{alésses}✓ |
{alése}
{alésse}✓ |
{alésens}
{alessens}✓ |
{aléséd}
{alésâd} {alesséd}✓ {alessâd}✓ |
{alésont}
{aléssont}✓ |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | va
vas |
— | alens
vans |
alâd
alâds |
— |
chantar ‘to sing’
editStich 2001 pages 257–64 and Stich 2005 page 184.
Infinitive | chantar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | chantent
chantant | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | chantâ | chantâ
chantâye | ||||
plural | chantâs | chantâs
chantâyes chantês | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | chanto | chantes | chante | chantens | chantâd | chantont |
Imperfect | chantâvo | chantâves | chantâve | chantâvens | chantâvâd | chantâvont |
Preterite | chanté
chantéro |
chantés
chantéres |
chantat
chantét |
chantens
chantérens |
chantéte
chantérâd chantéd |
chantéront |
Future | chanteré | chanterés | chanterat | chanterens | chanteréd | chanteront |
Conditional | chanterê
chanterên |
chanterês | chanterêt | chanterans
chanterians |
chanterâd
chanteriâd |
chanterant
chanteriant |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | chanto
chanteyo |
chantes
chanteyes |
chante
chanteye |
chantens
chanteyens |
chantâd
chanteyéd |
chantont
chanteyont |
Imperfect | chantéso
chantésso |
chantéses
chantésses |
chantése
chantésse |
chantésens
chantéssens |
chantéséd
chantésâd chantésséd chantéssâd |
chantésont
chantéssont |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | chanta | — | chantens | chantâd | — |
Type B (-iér)
editFrom Latin -āre preceded by a palatalized consonant. This type of verb is regular apart from the fact that balyér ‘to give’ has, alongside the regular forms, clipped variants like baly' = balye (imperative singular).
The -ié- is eliminated in the present indicative: mengiér ‘to eat’ → menjo ‘I eat’. The -ié- appears as a reduced -e- after gn/ly/y: guegnér/balyér/payér.
lèssiér ‘to let’
editStich 2001 pages 257–64 and Stich 2005 page 184.
Infinitive | lèssiér | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | lèssient | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | lèssiê | lèssiêe | ||||
plural | lèssiês | lèssiêes | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | lèsso | lèsses | lèsse | lèssens | lèssiéd | lèssont |
Imperfect | lèssiêvo | lèssiêves | lèssiêve | lèssiêvens | lèssiêvâd | lèssiêvont |
Preterite | lèssié
lèssiéro |
lèssiés
lèssiéres |
lèssiét | lèssiens
lèssiérens |
lèssiéte
lèssiérâd lèssiéréd |
lèssiéront |
Future | lèssieré | lèssierés | lèssierat | lèssierens | lèssieréd | lèssieront |
Conditional | lèssierê
lèssierên |
lèssierês | lèssierêt | lèssierans
lèssierians |
lèssierâd
lèssieriâd |
lèssierant
lèssieriant |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | lèsso
lèsseyo |
lèsses
lèsseyes |
lèsse
lèsseye |
lèssens
lèsseyens |
lèssiéd
lèsseyéd |
lèssont
lèsseyont |
Imperfect | lèssiéso
lèssiésso |
lèssiéses
lèssiésses |
lèssiése
lèssiésse |
lèssiésens
lèssiéssens |
lèssiéséd
lèssiésséd |
lèssiésont
lèssiéssont |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | lèsse | — | lèssens | lèssiéd | — |
Conjugation 2 (-ir1)
editFrom Latin -īre. Verbs of this type appear to all be regular. They have various inflections with an infix -éss- derived from Latin -ēscere.
Local variations:
- The 2PL -ésséd in the present indicative may be replaced by -de (as in fenésséd → fenéde).
- Past participles may alternatively be constructed with -ê (m.) -êta or -ête (f.) in the Valaisan and Valdôtain dialects, as in fenê ‘finished’
fenir ‘to finish’
editStich 2001 pages 107, 266–7, 1168 and Stich 2018.
Infinitive | fenir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | fenéssent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | feni | fenia
fenite | ||||
plural | fenis | fenies
{fenites} | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | fenésso | fenés | fenét | fenéssens | fenésséd | fenéssont |
Imperfect | fenéssê
fenéssên fenessévo {fenessiévo} |
fenéssês
fenesséves {fenessiéves} |
fenéssêt
fenesséve {fenessiéve} |
fenéssans
fenéssians fenessévens {fenessiévens} |
fenéssâd
fenéssiâd fenessévâd {fenessiévâd} |
fesséssant
fesséssiant fenessévont {fenessiévont} |
Preterite | fenésse
fenessé fenéro |
fenésses
fenessés fenéres |
fenésse
fenessét fenét |
fenessens
fenessérens |
fenesséte
fenesséréd fenessérâd |
fenesséront
fenéront |
Future | feniré
fenitré |
fenirés
fenitré |
fenirat
fenitrat |
fenirens
fenitrens |
feniréd
fenitréd |
feniront
fenitront |
Conditional | fenirê
fenirên fenitrê fenitrên |
fenirês
fenitrês |
fenirêt
fenitrêt |
fenirans
fenirians fenitrans fenitrians |
fenirâd
feniriâd fenitrâd fenitriâd |
fenirant
feniriant fenitrant fenitriant |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | fenésso | fenésses | fenésse | fenéssens | fenésséd | fenéssont |
Imperfect | fenesséso
fenessésso |
fenesséses
fenessésses |
fenessése
fenessésse |
fenessésens
fenesséssens |
fenesséséd
fenessésséd |
fenessésont
fenesséssont |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | fenés | — | fenéssens | fenésséd | — |
Conjugation 3 (-êr/-re/-ir2)
editA mixed bag of irregulars. Probably best to handle their inflections individually, except in cases where verb A is just verb B with a prefix.
Imperfect indicative plurals (?)
- Type 1: -ê(n), -ês, -êt, -(i)ans, -(i)âd, -(i)ant
- Type 2: -évo, -éves, -éve, -évans, -évâd, -évont
Type A (-êr)
editFrom Latin -ēre.
avêr ‘to have’
editStich 2001 pages 273–5; Stich 2005 pages 184–5; Stich 2018. In some dialects l (originally from the pronoun il) may be placed before any instance of avêr, as in je l-avê ‘I had’. The form é ‘I have’ sometimes makes a liaison with -s- or -t-.
Infinitive | avêr | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | èyent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | avu
aviu yu agu |
avua
aviua yua agua | ||||
plural | {avus}✓
{avius}✓ {yus}✓ {agus} |
{avues}✓
{aviues}✓ {yues}✓ {agues} | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | é | âs | at | ens
avens |
éd
avéd éde |
ant
ont |
Imperfect | avô
avê avên aviê aviên avévo aviévo |
avês
aviês avéves aviéves |
avêt
aviêt aviéve aviéve |
avans
avians avévens aviévens |
avâd
aviâd avévâd aviévâd |
avant
aviant avévont aviévont |
Preterite | u
uro |
us | ut | uyens
urens |
ute
urâd |
uront |
Future | aré | arés | arat | arens | aréd | aront |
Conditional | arê
arên {ariê} {ariên} |
arês
{ariês} |
arêt
{ariêt}✓ |
arans
arians |
arâd
ariâd |
arant
ariant |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | èyo | èyes | èye | èyens | èyâd
èyéd |
èyont |
Imperfect | usso | usses | usse | ussens | ussâd
usséd |
ussont |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | èye | — | èyens | èyâd
èyéd |
— |
chalêr ‘to matter’
editHighly defective; cf. French chaloir. Stich 2001 page 1110.
Infinitive | chalêr | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | — | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | — | — | ||||
plural | — | — | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | — | — | chôt | — | — | — |
Imperfect | — | — | chalyéve | — | — | — |
Preterite | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Future | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Conditional | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | — | — | châlye | — | — | — |
Imperfect | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | — | — | — | — | — |
devêr ‘to have to’
editStich 2001 pages 270, 1145 and Stich 2018.
Infinitive | devêr
dêvre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | devent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | du
diu |
dua
diua | ||||
plural | {dus}✓
{dius}✓ |
{dues}✓
{diues}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | dêvo | dês | dêt | devens | dête
dêde devéd |
dêvont |
Imperfect | devê
deviê devên deviên devévo {deviévo} |
devês
deviês devéves {deviéves} |
devêt
deviêt devéve {deviéve} |
devans
devians devévens {deviévens} |
devâd
deviâd devévâd {deviévâd} |
devant
deviant devévont {deviévont} |
Preterite | devé | devés | devét | devens
devérens |
devéte | devéront |
Future | devré | {devrés} | {devrat} | {devrens} | {devréd} | {devront} |
Conditional | devrê
devrên |
{devrês}✓ | {devrêt}✓ | {devrans}
{devrians}✓ |
{devrâd}
{devriâd}✓ |
{devrant}
{devriant}✓ |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | dêvo
deveyo |
{dêves}
{deveyes} |
{dêve}
{deveye} |
{devens}
{deveyens} |
{devéd}
{deveyéd} |
{dêvont}
{deveyont} |
Imperfect | devésso | {devésses}✓ | {devésse}✓ | {devéssens}✓ | {devésséd}✓ | {devéssont}✓ |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | — | — | — | — | — |
falêr ‘to be necessary’
editHighly defective; cf. French falloir. Stich 2001 page 1166.
Infinitive | falêr | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | — | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | falu
falyu |
— | ||||
plural | — | — | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | — | — | fôt | — | — | — |
Imperfect | — | — | falêt
falyêt faléve falyéve |
— | — | — |
Preterite | — | — | falyét | — | — | — |
Future | — | — | fôdrat | — | — | — |
Conditional | — | — | {fôdrêt}✓ | — | — | — |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | — | — | falye | — | — | — |
Imperfect | — | — | falyésse | — | — | — |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | — | — | — | — | — |
povêr ‘to be able to’
editStich 2001 pages 583–4, 1255 and Stich 2018.
Infinitive | povêr
possêr | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | povent
povient possent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | possu
pu povu poviu pouê |
— | ||||
plural | — | — | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | pouè
pôvo pôvio |
pôs | pôt | povens
possens |
pouede
pouete povéd posséd |
pôvont
pôviont pont |
Imperfect | povê
poviê {povên} {poviên} povévo poviévo |
{povês}
{poviês}✓ {povéves} {poviéves}✓ |
{povêt}✓
{poviêt}✓ {povéve} {poviéve}✓ |
{povans}
{povians}✓ {povévens} {poviévens}✓ |
{povâd}
{poviâd}✓ {povévâd} {poviévâd}✓ |
{povant}
{poviant}✓ {povévont} {poviévont}✓ |
Preterite | {pu}✓ | {pus}✓ | put | {purens} | {pute} | puront |
Future | poré
porré |
{porés}
{porrés}✓ |
{porat}
{porrat}✓ |
{porens}
{porrens}✓ |
{poréd}
{porréd} |
{poront}
{porront}✓ |
Conditional | {porê}
{porên} {porrê} {porrên} |
{porês}
{porrês} |
{porêt}
{porrêt}✓ |
{porans}
{porians} {porrans} {porrians}✓ |
{porâd}
{poriâd} {porrâd}✓ {porriâd}✓ |
{porant}
{poriant} {porrant}✓ {porriant}✓ |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | pouesso | {pouesses}✓ | {pouesse}✓ | {pouessens}✓ | {pouesséd}✓ | {pouessont}✓ |
Imperfect | possésso | {possésses}✓ | {possésse}✓ | {posséssens}✓ | {possésséd}✓ | {posséssont}✓ |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | — | — | — | — | — |
savêr ‘to know’
editStich 2001 page 1279 and Stich 2018.
Infinitive | savêr | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | sachent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | savu
su siu |
{savua}✓
{sua} {siua}✓ | ||||
plural | {savus}✓
{sus} {sius}✓ |
{savues}✓
{sues} {siues}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | sé
sâ sâvo |
sâs | sât | savens
sans |
sâde
séde savéd saviéd |
sâvont
sant |
Imperfect | savê
{savên}✓ saviê {saviên} {savévo} {saviévo}✓ |
{savês}✓
{saviês}✓ {savéves} {saviéves}✓ |
{savêt}✓
{saviêt}✓ {savéve} {saviéve}✓ |
{savans}
{savians}✓ {savévens} {saviévens}✓ |
{savâd}
{saviâd}✓ {savévâd {saviévâd}✓ |
{savant}✓
{saviant}✓ {savévont} {saviévont}✓ |
Preterite | {su} | {sus} | sut | {surens} | {sute} | suront
siuront |
Future | saré | {sarés} | {sarat}✓ | {sarens} | {saréd}✓ | {saront} |
Conditional | {sarê}✓
{sarên} |
{sarês} | {sarêt}✓ | {sarans}
{sarians} |
{sarâd}
{sariâd}✓ |
{sarant}
{sariant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | sacho | {saches} | {sache} | {sachens} | {sachéd} | {sachont}✓ |
Imperfect | sachéso
sachésso susso siusso |
{sachéses}
{sachésses} {susses} {siusses} |
{sachése}
{sachésse} {susse} {siusse} |
{sachésens}
{sachéssens} {sussens} {siussens} |
{sachéséd}
{sachésséd} {susséd} {siusséd} |
{sachésont}
{sachéssont} {sussont} {siussont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | sache | — | {sachens} | {sachéd} | — |
volêr ‘to want’
editStich 2001 page 1318 and Stich 2018.
Infinitive | volêr | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | volent
volyent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | volu
volyu |
{volua}✓
{volyua}✓ | ||||
plural | {volus}✓
{volyus}✓ |
{volues}✓
{volyues}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | vôl
vôlo vuel vuelo |
vôs | vôt | volens | voléd
voléde |
vôlont |
Imperfect | volê
volyê {volên} {volyên} {volévo}✓ {volyévo}✓ |
{volês}✓
{volyês}✓ {voléves}✓ {volyéves}✓ |
{volêt}✓
{volyêt}✓ {voléve}✓ {volyéve}✓ |
{volans}✓
{volyans}✓ {volévens}✓ {volyévens}✓ |
{volâd}✓
{volyâd} {volévâd}✓ {volyévâd}✓ |
{volant}✓
{volyant}✓ {volévont}✓ {volyévont}✓ |
Preterite | {volu} | {volus} | volut | {volurens} | {volute} | voluront |
Future | vodré | {vodrés}✓ | {vodrat}✓ | {vodrens}✓ | {vodréd}✓ | {vodront}✓ |
Conditional | {vodrê}✓
{vodrên}✓ |
{vodrês}✓ | {vodrêt}✓ | {vodrans}✓
{vodrians} |
{vodrâd}
{vodriâd} |
{vodrant}
{vodriant}✓ |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | volyo✓ | {volyes}✓ | {volye}✓ | {volyens} | {volyéd} | {volyont}✓ |
Imperfect | volyésso | {volyésses} | {volyésse} | {volyéssens} | {volyésséd} | {volyéssont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | — | — | — | — | — |
Type B (-re)
editFrom Latin -ere.
bêre ‘to drink’
editStich 2001 page 1089 and Stich 2018.
Infinitive | bêre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | bevent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | bu
biu |
{bua}✓
{biua}✓ | ||||
plural | {bus}✓
{bius}✓ |
{bues}✓
{biues}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | bêvo | bês | bêt | bevens | bêde
bevéd |
bêvont |
Imperfect | bevê
{beviê} {bevên} {beviên} {bevévo} {beviévo} |
{bevês}
{beviês} {bevéves} {beviéves} |
{bevêt}
{beviêt} {bevéve} {beviéve} |
{bevans}
{bevians} {bevévens} {beviévens} |
{bevâd}
{beviâds} {bevévâd} {beviévâd} |
{bevant}
{beviant}✓ {bevévont} {beviévont} |
Preterite | bevé
biu |
{bevés}
{bius} |
bevét
biut |
{bevérens}
{biurens} |
{bevétes}
{biute} |
bevéront
biuront |
Future | beré
bevré |
{berés}
{bevrés} |
{berat}
{bevrat} |
{berens}
{bevrens} |
{beréd}
{bevréd} |
{beront}
{bevront} |
Conditional | {berê}
{berên} {bevrê} {bevrên} |
{berês}
{bevrês} |
{berêt}
{bevrêt} |
{berans}
{berians} {bevrans} {bevrians} |
{berâd}
{beriâd} {bevrâd} {bevriâd} |
{berant}
{beriant} {bevrant} {bevriant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | bêvo | {bêves} | {bêve} | {bevens} | {bêde}
{bevéd} |
{bêvont} |
Imperfect | bevésso
busso biusso |
{bevésses}
{busses} {biusses} |
{bevésse}
{busse} {biusse} |
{bevéssens}
{bussens} {biussens} |
{bevésséd}
{busséd} {biusséd} |
{bevéssont}
{bussont} {biussont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | ? | — | {bevens} | {bêde}
{bevéd} |
— |
chêre ‘to fall’
editStich 2001 pages 528, 1115 and Stich 2018.
Infinitive | chêre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | chesent
cheyent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | chesu
chu chiu chêt |
{chesua}
{chua} {chiua} {chêta} | ||||
plural | {chesus}
{chus} {chius} {chêts} |
{chesues}
{chues} {chiues} {chêtes} | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | cheso
cheyo |
chês | chêt | chèsens
chèyons |
chéde
cheyéd |
chesont
chèyont |
Imperfect | chesê | {chesês} | {chesêt} | {chesans}
{chesians} |
{chesâd}
{chesiâd} |
{chesant}
{chesiant} |
Preterite | ?
{chesé} |
?
{chesés} |
cheyit
chesét |
?
{chesérens} |
?
{chesétes} |
?
{cheséront} |
Future | cheré | {cherés} | {cherat} | {cherens} | {cheréd} | {cheront} |
Conditional | {cherê}
{cherén} |
{cherês} | {cherêt} | {cherans}
{cherians} |
{cherâd}
{cheriâd} |
{cherant}
{cheriant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Imperfect | cheséso
chesésso |
{cheséses}
{chesésses} |
{chesése}
{chesésse} |
{chesésens}
{cheséssens} |
{cheséséd}
{chesésséd} |
{chesésont}
{cheséssont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | ? | — | ? | ? | — |
crêre ‘to believe’
editStich 2001 page 1134 and Stich 2018.
Infinitive | crêre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | creyent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | cru
crèyu |
crua
crèyua | ||||
plural | {crus}
{crèyus} |
{crues}
{crèyues} | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | crèyo | crês | crêt | crèyens | crêde
crèyéd |
crèyont |
Imperfect | crèyê
{crèyên} {crèyévo} |
{crèyês}
{crèyéves} |
{crèyêt}
{crèyéve}✓ |
{crèyans}
{crèyévens} |
{crèyâd}
{crèyévâd} |
{crèyant}
{crèyévont} |
Preterite | {cru} | {crus} | crut | {crurens} | {crute} | cruront |
Future | crèré | {crèrés} | {crèrat} | {crèrens} | {crèréd} | {crèront} |
Conditional | {crèrê}
{crèrén} |
{crèrês} | {crèrêt} | {crèrans}
{crèrians} |
{crèrâd}
{crèriâd} |
{crèrant}
{crèriant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | crèyo | {crèyes} | {crèye} | {crèyens} | {crèyéd} | {crèyont} |
Imperfect | crèyéso
crèyésso |
{crèyéses}
{crèyésses} |
{crèyése}
{crèyésse} |
{crèyésens}
{crèyéssens} |
{crèyéséd}
{crèyésséd} |
{crèyésont}
{crèyéssont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | crê | — | {crèyens} | {crêde}
{crèyéd} |
— |
crêtre ‘to grow’
editStich 2001 page 1135.
Infinitive | crêtre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | crèssent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | crèssu | crèssua | ||||
plural | {crèssus}✓ | {crèssues}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | crêsso | crês | crêt | crèssens | crèsséd | crêssont |
Imperfect | crèssê
{crèssévo} |
{crèssês}✓
{crèsséves} |
{crèssêt}✓
{crèsséve}✓ |
{crèssans}
{crèssians}✓ {crèssévens} |
{crèssâd}
{crèssiâd}✓ {crèssévâd} |
{crèssant}
{crèssiant}✓ {crèssévont} |
Preterite | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Future | crètré | {crètrés} | {crètrat} | {crètrens} | {crètréd} | {crètront} |
Conditional | {crètrê}
{crètrên} |
{crètrês} | {crètrêt} | {crètrans}
{crètrians} |
{crètrâd}
{crètriâd} |
{crètrant}
{crètriant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Imperfect | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | ? | — | ? | ? | — |
dére ‘to say’
editStich 2001 page 1143.
Infinitive | dére | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | desent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | dét | déte
déta | ||||
plural | {déts}✓ | {détes}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | dio | dis | dit | desens
dions disons |
déte
deséd |
diont |
Imperfect | desê
{desévo}✓ |
{desês}✓
{deséves}✓ |
{desêt}✓
{deséve}✓ |
{desians}✓
{desévens}✓ |
{desiâd}✓
{desévâd}✓ |
{desiant}✓
{desévont}✓ |
Preterite | desô
desé dessé |
desés
dessés |
desé
dessé |
desens
desérens |
deséte | deséront
desséront |
Future | deré | {derés}✓ | {derat}✓ | {derens}✓ | {deréd}✓ | {deront}✓ |
Conditional | {derê}
{derên} |
{derês} | {derêt}✓ | {derans}
{derians} |
{derâd}
{deriâd} |
{derant}
{deriant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | déso | {déses} | {dése} | {desens} | {deséd} | {désont} |
Imperfect | deséso
desésso |
{deséses}
{desésses} |
{desése}
{desésse} |
{desésens}
{deséssens} |
{desésséd}✓ | {desésont}
{deséssont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | di | — | desens | déte | — |
ècrire ‘to write’
editStich 2001 page 1152. Also conjugated like this are aduire (and other -duire verbs), luire, fuire, èssuire.
Infinitive | ècrire | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | ècrisent
ècrivent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | ècrit | ècrita | ||||
plural | {ècrits}✓ | {ècrites}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | ècrio
ècriso ècrivo |
ècris | ècrit | ècrisens
ècrivens |
ècrîde
ècriséd ècrivéd |
ècriont
ècrisont ècrivont |
Imperfect | ècrisê
ècrisiê |
{ècrisês
{ècrisiês} |
{ècrisêt}
{ècrisiêt} |
{ècrisans}
{ècrisians} |
{ècrisâd}
{ècrisiâd} |
{ècrisant}
{ècrisiant} |
Preterite | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Future | ècriré | {ècrirés} | {ècrirat} | {ècrirens} | {ècriréd} | {ècriront} |
Conditional | {ècrirê}
{ècrirén} |
{ècrirês} | {ècrirêt} | {ècrirans}
{ècririans} |
{ècrirâd}
{ècririâd} |
{ècrirant}
{ècririant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Imperfect | ècrisésso | {ècrisésses} | {ècrisésse} | {ècriséssens} | {ècrisésséd} | {ècriséssont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | ? | — | ? | ? | — |
étre ‘to be’
editStich 2001 pages 275–6; Stich 2005 pages 184–5; Stich 2018.
Infinitive | étre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | étent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | étâ | {étâ}✓
{étâye}✓ | ||||
plural | {étâs}✓ | {étâs}✓
{étâyes}✓ {étês} | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | su | és | est | sens
semos |
éte | sont |
Imperfect | éro
étô étê étên {étévo}✓ {étiévo} étâvo |
éres
étês {étiês}✓ {étéves}✓ {étiéves} |
ére
étêt {étiêt}✓ {étéve}✓ {étiéve} {étâve} |
érens
{ériens}✓ étans étians {étévens}✓ {étiévens} {étâvens} |
érâd
{éréd}✓ étâd étiâd {étévâd} {étiévâd} {étâvâd} |
érant
étant étiant {étévont} {étiévont} étâvont |
Preterite | furo | fus
fures |
fut | furens
fumos |
fute
furâd furéd |
furont |
Future | seré | serés | serat | serens | seréd | seront |
Conditional | serê | serês | serêt | serans
serians |
serâd
seriâd |
serant
seriant |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | sê
seyo |
sês
seyes |
sêt
seye |
seyens | seyéd
seyâd |
seyont |
Imperfect | fusso | fusses | fusse | fussens | fussâd
fusséd |
fussont |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | sê
seye |
— | seyens | seyéd
seyâd |
— |
prendre ‘to take’
editStich 2001 pages 271, 1256; Stich 2005 page 184; Stich 2018.
Infinitive | prendre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | pregnent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | prês | prêsa
prêssa | ||||
plural | {prês}✓ | {prêses}✓
{prêsses}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | pregno | prends | prend | pregnens | prende
{prenéd} pregnéd |
pregnont |
Imperfect | pregnê
pregnên pregnévo |
pregnês
pregnéves |
pregnêt
pregnéve |
pregnans
pregnévens |
pregnâd
pregnévâd |
pregnant
pregnévont |
Preterite | pré
pregné |
prés
pregnés |
prét
pregnét |
prérens
pregnérens |
préte
pregnéte |
préront
pregnéront |
Future | prendré | {prendré} | {prendrat} | {prendrens} | {prendréd} | {prendront} |
Conditional | {prendrê}
{prendrên} |
{prendrês} | {prendrêt} | {prendrans}
{prendrians} |
{prendrâd}
{prendriâd} |
{prendrant}✓
{prendriant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | prègno | {prègnes} | {prègne} | {pregnens} | ? | {prègnont}✓ |
Imperfect | pregnésso | {pregnésses} | {pregnésse} | {pregnéssens} | {pregnésséd} | {pregnéssont}✓ |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | prend | — | pregnens | prende
{prenéd}✓ pregnéd |
— |
rèpondre ‘to reply’
editStich 2001 page 1270.
Infinitive | rèpondre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | rèpondent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | rèpondu | rèpondua | ||||
plural | {rèpondus}✓ | {rèpondues}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | rèpondo | rèponds | rèpond | rèpondens | rèpondéd | rèpondont |
Imperfect | rèpondê
rèpondévo |
{rèpondês}
{rèpondéves} |
{rèpondêt}✓
{rèpondéve}✓ |
{rèpondans}
{rèpondians} {rèpondévens} |
{rèpondâd}
{rèpondiâd} {rèpondévâd} |
{rèpondant}
{rèpondiant} {rèpondévont} |
Preterite | {rèpondé} | {rèpondés} | {rèpondét}✓ | {rèpondéres} | {rèpondéte} | {rèpondéront}✓ |
Future | rèpondré | {rèpondrés} | {rèpondrat} | {rèpondrens} | {rèpondréd} | {rèpondront} |
Conditional | {rèpondrê}
{rèpondrén} |
{rèpondrês} | {rèpondrét} | {rèpondrans}
{rèpondrians} |
{rèpondrâd}
{rèpondriâd} |
{rèpondrant}
{rèpondriant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Imperfect | rèpondésso | {rèpondésses} | {rèpondésse} | {rèpondéssens} | {rèpondésséd} | {rèpondéssont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | ? | — | {rèpondens} | {rèpondéd} | — |
vêr ‘to see’
editStich 2001 page 1312 and Stich 2018.
Infinitive | vêr
vêre vér | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | veyent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | vu
viu |
{vua}✓
{viua}✓ | ||||
plural | {vus}✓
{vius}✓ |
{vues}✓
{viues}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | vèyo | vês | vêt | veyens | vêde
veyéd |
vèyont |
Imperfect | veyê
veyévo |
{veyês}
{veyéves} |
{veyêt}✓
{veyéve}✓ |
{veyans}
{veyévens} |
{veyâd}
{veyévâd} |
{veyant}
{veyévont} |
Preterite | vi
vio |
vis | vit | ? | ? | viront |
Future | vèrré | {vèrrés}✓ | {vèrrat}✓ | {vèrrens}✓ | {vèrréd}✓ | {vèrront}✓ |
Conditional | {vèrrê}
{vèrriê}✓ {vèrrên} |
{vèrrês}
{vèrriês}✓ |
{vèrrêt}
{vèrriêt}✓ |
{vèrrans}
{vèrrians}✓ |
{vèrrâd}✓
{vèrriâd}✓ |
{vèrrant}
{vèrriant}✓ |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | vèyo
{vèyèyo}✓ |
{vèyes}✓
{vèyèyes}✓ |
{vèye}✓
{vèyèye}✓ |
{veyens}✓
{veyèyens}✓ |
{veyéd}✓
{veyèyéd}✓ |
{vèyont}✓
{vèyèyont}✓ |
Imperfect | vèyéso
vèyésso |
{vèyéses}
{vèyésses} |
{vèyése}
{vèyésse}✓ |
{vèyésens}
{vèyéssens} |
{vèyéséd}
{vèyésséd} |
{vèyésont}
{vèyéssont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | vê | — | {veyens} | ? | — |
vivre ‘to live’
editStich 2001 pages 584, 1317.
Infinitive | vivre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | vivent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | vécu
vivu |
{vécua}✓
{vivua}✓ | ||||
plural | {vécus}✓
{vivu}✓ |
{vécues}✓
{vivues}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | vivo
viquésso vico |
vis | vit | vivens
viquens viquéssens |
vivéd
vivéde viquéd viquéde |
vivont
viquéssont vicont |
Imperfect | vivê
vivévo {viviévo} viquê viquessê |
{vivês}
{vivéves} {viviéves} {viquês} {viquessês} |
{vivêt}
{viviêt} {vivéve} {viviéve} {viquêt} {viquessêt}✓ |
{vivans}
{vivians} {vivévens} {viviévens} {vicans} {viquians} {viquessans} {viquessians} |
{vivâd}
{viviâd} {vivévâd} {viviévâd} {vicâd} {viquiâd} {viquessâd} {viquessiâd} |
{vivant}
{viviant}✓ {vivévont} {viviévont} {vicant} {viquiant} {viquessant} {viquessiant} |
Preterite | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Future | vivré | {vivrés} | {vivrat} | {vivrens} | {vivréd} | {vivront}✓ |
Conditional | {vivrê}
{vivrén} |
{vivrês} | {vivrêt} | {vivrans}
{vivrians} |
{vivrâd}
{vivriâd} |
{vivrant}
{vivriant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | vivo | {vives} | {vive} | {vivens} | {vivéd} | {vivont} |
Imperfect | vivésso
viquéso viquésso |
{vivésses}
{viquéses} {viquésses} |
{vivésse}
{viquése {viquésse} |
{vivéssens}
{viquésens} {viquéssens} |
{vivésséd}
{viquéséd} {viquésséd} |
{vivéssont}
{viquésont} {viquéssont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | ? | — | ? | ? | — |
Type C (-ir2)
editFrom Latin -īre.
aouire ‘to hear’
editStich 2001 page 1076.
Infinitive | aouir
aouire aour aoure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | aouyent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | aoui
aouyu |
{aouia}
{aouyua} | ||||
plural | {aouis}
{aouyus} |
{aouies}
{aouyues} | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | aouiso
aouyo |
aouis | aouit | aouisens
aouyens |
aoude
aouiséd aouyéd |
aouisont
aouyont |
Imperfect | aouê
aouisévo |
{aouês}
{aouiséves} |
{aouêt}
{aouiséve} |
{aouyans}
{aouisévens} |
{aouyâd}
{aouisévâd} |
{aouyant}
{aouisévont}✓ |
Preterite | {aoué} | {aoués} | aouét | {aouérens} | {aouéte} | aouéront |
Future | aouiré | {aouirés} | {aouirat} | {aouirens} | {aouiréd} | {aouiront} |
Conditional | {aouirê}
{aouirén} |
{aouirês} | {aouirêt} | {aouirans}
{aouirians} |
{aouirâd}
{aouiriâd} |
{aouirant}
{aouiriant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | aouyo | {aouyes} | {aouye}✓ | {aouyens} | {aouyéd} | {aouyont}✓ |
Imperfect | aouyésso | {aouyésses} | {aouyésse} | {aouyéssens} | {aouyésséd} | {aouyéssont}✓ |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | ? | — | {aouyens} | {aoude}
{aouiséd} {aouyéd} |
— |
te(g)nir ‘to hold’
editStich 2001 page 1296. Conjugated exactly like venir ‘to come’.
uvrir ‘to open’
editStich 2001 page 272, Stich 2005 page 184. The ô~u alternation is determined by stress.
Infinitive | uvrir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | uvrent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | uvèrt | uvèrta | ||||
plural | {uvèrts}✓ | {uvèrtes}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | ôvro | ôvres | ôvre | uvrens | uvréd | ôvront |
Imperfect | uvrê
uvrên uvriê uvriên uvrévo {uvriévo} |
uvrês
uvriês uvréves {uvriéves} |
uvrêt
uvriêt uvréve {uvriéve} |
uvrans
uvrians uvrévens {uvriévens} |
uvrâd
uvriâd uvrévâd {uvriévâd} |
uvrant
uvriant uvrévont {uvriévont} |
Preterite | uvré | uvrés | uvrét | uvrens
uvrérens |
uvréte | uvréront |
Future | uvriré | {uvriré} | {uvrirat} | {uvrirens} | {uvriréd} | {uvriront} |
Conditional | {uvrirê}
{uvrirên} |
{uvrirês} | {uvrirêt}✓ | {uvrirans}
{uvririans} |
{uvrirâd}
{uvririâd} |
{uvrirant}
{uvririant} |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | ôvro
uvreyo |
{ôvres}
{uvreyes} |
{ôvre}
{uvreye} |
{uvrens}
{uvreyens} |
{uvréd}
{uvreyéd} |
{ôvront}
{uvreyont} |
Imperfect | uvrésso | {uvrésses} | {uvrésse} | {uvréssens} | {uvrésséd} | {uvréssont} |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | ôvre | — | uvrens | uvréd | — |
venir ‘to come’
editStich 2001 page 1311 and Stich 2018.
Probably best to split in two (venir and vegnir).
Infinitive | venir
vegnir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | venent
vegnent | |||||
Past participle | masculine | feminine | ||||
singular | venu
vegnu vegnêt |
venua
vegnua vegnêta | ||||
plural | {venus}✓
{vegnus}✓ {vegnêts}✓ |
{venues}✓
{vegnues}✓ {vegnêtes}✓ | ||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Indicative | jo | te | il | nos | vos | ils |
Present | veno
vegno |
vins | vint | venens
vegnens |
venéd
vegnéd venéde vegnéde |
venont
vegnont |
Imperfect | vegnê
{vegnévo} |
{vegnês}
{vegnéves} |
{vegnêt}✓
{vegnéve}✓ |
{vegnans}
{vegnévens} |
{vegnâd}
{vegnévâd} |
{vegnant}✓
{vegnévont}✓ |
Preterite | {vené}
vegné |
{venés}
vegnés |
{venét}
vegnét |
{venérens}
vegnérens |
{venéte}
vegnéte |
{venéront}✓
vegnéront |
Future | vindré | {vindrés}✓ | {vindrat}✓ | {vindrens}✓ | {vindréd}✓ | {vindront}✓ |
Conditional | {vindrê}✓
{vindrên} |
{vindrês}✓ | {vindrêt}✓ | {vindrans}
{vindrians}✓ |
{vindrâd}
{vindriâd}✓ |
{vindrant}
{vindriant}✓ |
Subjunctive | que jo | que te | qu'il | que nos | que vos | qu'ils |
Present | veno
vegno {veneyo}✓ {vegneyo}✓ |
{venes}✓
{vegnes}✓ {veneyes}✓ {vegneyes}✓ |
{vene}✓
{vegne}✓ {veneye}✓ {vegneye}✓ |
{venens}✓
{vegnens}✓ {veneyens}✓ {vegneyens}✓ |
{venéd}
{vegnéd} {veneyéd} {vegneyéd} |
{venont}✓
{vegnont}✓ {veneyont}✓ {vegneyont}✓ |
Imperfect | venéso
vegnéso venésso vegnésso |
{venéses}✓
{vegnéses}✓ {venésses}✓ {vegnésses}✓ |
{venése}✓
{vegnése}✓ {venésse}✓ {vegnésse}✓ |
{venésens}✓
{vegnésens}✓ {venéssens}✓ {vegnéssens}✓ |
{venéséd}✓
{vegnéséd}✓ {venésséd}✓ {vegnésséd}✓ |
{venésont}
{vegnésont}✓ {venéssont} {vegnéssont}✓ |
Imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — |
— | vin
vins |
— | venens
vegnens |
venéd
vegnéd venéde vegnéde |
— |