Appendix:Polish dialectological phonetic notation

The chart below presents letters and diacritics used mostly in the 20th century by Polish dialectologists and their IPA equivalents. The notation includes only sounds that exist in Lechitic dialects and uses letters without any diacritics for the most common sounds. As diacritics, it primarily uses the caron for postalveolar consonants and the acute accent for palatal or palatalized consonants. Unlike in IPA, affricates are denoted with a single character.

In the table below, V denotes any vowel letter, C – any consonant letter and R – any sonorant letter.

Polish dialectological phonetic notation	IPA
i	[i]
e	[ɛ]
a	[ä]^[1]
o	[ɔ]
u	[u]
y	[ɘ̟]
ė	[e]
ȯ	[o]
ȧ	[ɑ]
ä	[a]^[1]
aͦ	[ɒ]
aͤ, eͣ	[æ]
eʸ^[2], yͤ	[ë]
yͥ	[ɪ]
uͦ	[u̞]
oͧ	[o̝]
oͤ	[ɞ~œ]
ə	[ə]
m	[m]
ḿ	[mʲ]
n	[n̪]
ṇ	[n̺]
ń	[ɲ]
ŋ^[3]	[ŋ]
r	[r̺~ɾ̺]
ř, ^rž	[r̝]
ř̹, ^rš	[r̥˔]
l	[l]
ḷ	[l̺]^[4]
ľ	[lʲ]
ł	[ɫ̪]
i̯	[j]
u̯	[w]
p	[p]
ṕ	[pʲ]
b	[b]
b́	[bʲ]
t	[t̪]
d	[d̪]
c	[t͡s̪]
ʒ	[d͡z̪]
ṭ	[t̺]^[4]
ḍ	[d̺]^[4]
č	[t͡ʃ̺]
ǯ	[d͡ʒ̺]
č́	[t͡ʃ~t͡ʃʲ]
ǯ́	[d͡ʒ~d͡ʒʲ]
ć	[t͡ɕ]
ʒ́	[d͡ʑ]
ḱ	[c̠]
ǵ	[ɟ̠]
k	[k]
g	[ɡ]
φ^[5]	[ɸ~ʋ̥]
w^[5]	[β~ʋ]
f	[f]
fʹ	[fʲ]
v	[v]
v́	[vʲ]
s	[s̪]
z	[z̪]
ṣ	[s̺]^[4]
ẓ	[z̺]^[4]
š	[ʃ̺]
ž	[ʒ̺]
š́	[ʃ~ʃʲ]
ž́	[ʒ~ʒʲ]
ś	[ɕ]
ź	[ʑ]
χ́	[ç̠]
γ́	[ʝ̠]
χ	[x]
γ	[ɣ]
h	[h]
V̨	[Ṽ] invalid IPA characters (Ṽ)
V̯	[V̯] invalid IPA characters (V)
Cˊ^[6]	[Cʲ] invalid IPA characters (C)
R̦	[R̥] replace R with ʀ, invalid IPA characters (R)

Additional characters:

ˈ marks stress, but unlike in IPA, it is placed directly before the stressed vowel;
when two words are connected with ‿, it usually means that they form one accentual unit, or it denotes that sandhi occurs;
when a sound letter is superscript, the sound has a weaker or shorter realization.

Explanatory notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 For clarity, [ä] denotes an open central vowel, while [a] denotes an open front vowel.
^ Actually, the superscript 'y' should be a diacritic over 'e', but there's no such diacritic in the Unicode chart.
^ In the notation used by Polish dialectologists, the "leg" in ŋ is actually shorter.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Although C̣ is described as alveolar, it is used as an allophone before alveolar apical consonants. Thus, like in convention from the article about Polish phonology on English Wikipedia, it is transcribed as apical.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 The letters w and φ are somewhat problematic because they are described by dialectologists as bilabial. However, they are also used to denote the Ukrainian в, which is transcribed in IPA as [ʋ].
^ In the case of labial and velar consonants, Cˊ indicates weaker palatalization than Ć.

Bibliography

Kazimierz Nitsch (1968) Wybór polskich tekstów gwarowych (in Polish), Warsaw, pages 19-21

[a-1] 1.0 ^1.1 For clarity, [ä] denotes an open central vowel, while [a] denotes an open front vowel.

[2] Actually, the superscript 'y' should be a diacritic over 'e', but there's no such diacritic in the Unicode chart.

[3] In the notation used by Polish dialectologists, the "leg" in ŋ is actually shorter.

[alv-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Although C̣ is described as alveolar, it is used as an allophone before alveolar apical consonants. Thus, like in convention from the article about Polish phonology on English Wikipedia, it is transcribed as apical.

[w-5] 5.0 ^5.1 The letters w and φ are somewhat problematic because they are described by dialectologists as bilabial. However, they are also used to denote the Ukrainian в, which is transcribed in IPA as [ʋ].

[6] In the case of labial and velar consonants, Cˊ indicates weaker palatalization than Ć.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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