Appendix:Proto-Tai Swadesh list
Proto-Tai Swadesh list, reconstructions by Pittayaporn (2009).
Number |
Gloss |
Proto-Tai (IPA)
|
1 |
I (1sg) |
kawᴬ
|
2 |
you (2sg) |
maɰᴬ
|
3 |
he, she, it (3sg) |
manᴬ
|
4 |
we (1pl) |
rawᴬ
|
5 |
you (2pl) |
|
6 |
they (3pl) |
|
7 |
this |
najᶜ
|
8 |
that |
|
9 |
here |
|
10 |
there |
|
11 |
who |
|
12 |
what |
|
13 |
where |
|
14 |
when |
|
15 |
how |
|
16 |
not |
boːᴮ
|
17 |
all |
daŋᴬ
|
18 |
many |
ʰlaːjᴬ
|
19 |
some |
|
20 |
few |
ʰnoːjᴮ
|
21 |
other |
ʔɯːnᴮ
|
22 |
one |
nɯːŋᴮ
|
23 |
two |
soːŋᴬ
|
24 |
three |
saːm
|
25 |
four |
siːᴮ
|
26 |
five |
haːᶜ
|
27 |
big |
ɓɯːkᴰ
|
28 |
long |
rɯjᴬ
|
29 |
wide |
|
30 |
thick |
ʰnaːᴬ
|
31 |
heavy |
ʰnakᴰ
|
32 |
small |
noːjᶜ
|
33 |
short |
tinᴮ
|
34 |
narrow |
gapᴰ
|
35 |
thin |
C̥.baːŋᴬ
|
36 |
woman |
meːᴮ
|
37 |
man (adult male) |
ʑaːjᴬ
|
38 |
man (human being) |
ʑaːjᴬ
|
39 |
child |
ɗekᴰ
|
40 |
wife |
miəᴬ
|
41 |
husband |
|
42 |
mother |
meːᴮ
|
43 |
father |
boːᴮ
|
44 |
animal |
|
45 |
fish |
plaːᴬ
|
46 |
bird |
C̬.nokᴰ
|
47 |
dog |
ʰmaːᴬ
|
48 |
louse |
rwɤjᴬ
|
49 |
snake |
ŋwɯːᴬ
|
50 |
worm |
ʰnoːlᴬ
|
51 |
tree |
mwajᶜ
|
52 |
forest |
ɗoŋᴬ
|
53 |
stick |
|
54 |
fruit |
ʰmaːkᴰ
|
55 |
seed |
klaːᶜ
|
56 |
leaf |
ɓaɰᴬ
|
57 |
root |
C̬.raːkᴰ
|
58 |
bark (of a tree) |
ʰrawᴮ
|
59 |
flower |
ɓloːkᴰ
|
60 |
grass |
ɣaːᴬ
|
61 |
rope |
ɟɤːk
|
62 |
skin |
ʰnaŋᴬ
|
63 |
meat |
n.mɤːᶜ
|
64 |
blood |
lɯətᴰ
|
65 |
bone |
C̥.dukᴰ
|
66 |
fat (noun) |
bwiːᴬ
|
67 |
egg |
qraj
|
68 |
horn |
qawᴬ
|
69 |
tail |
trwɤːŋᴬ
|
70 |
feather |
q.pɯlᴬ
|
71 |
hair |
prɤmᴬ
|
72 |
head |
truəᴬ
|
73 |
ear |
rwɯːŋᴬ
|
74 |
eye |
p.taːᴬ
|
75 |
nose |
ɗaŋᴬ
|
76 |
mouth |
paːkᴰ
|
77 |
tooth |
wanᴬ
|
78 |
tongue (organ) |
liːnᶜ
|
79 |
fingernail |
C̬.lepᴰ
|
80 |
foot |
tiːnᴬ
|
81 |
leg |
p.qaːᴬ
|
82 |
knee |
χowᴮ
|
83 |
hand |
mwɯːᴬ
|
84 |
wing |
piːkᴰ
|
85 |
belly |
dwuːŋᶜ
|
86 |
guts |
dwuːŋᶜ
|
87 |
neck |
ɣoːᴬ
|
88 |
back |
ʰlaŋᴬ
|
89 |
breast |
|
90 |
heart |
cɤɰᴬ
|
91 |
liver |
tapᴰ
|
92 |
to drink |
|
93 |
to eat |
to kɯɲᴬ
|
94 |
to bite |
to gamᴬ
|
95 |
to suck |
|
96 |
to spit |
|
97 |
to vomit |
to rwɯəkᴰ
|
98 |
to blow |
to powᴮ
|
99 |
to breathe |
|
100 |
to laugh |
to krɯəwᴬ
|
101 |
to see |
to tranᴬ
|
102 |
to hear |
to ŋinᴬ
|
103 |
to know |
to rɯːwᶜ
|
104 |
to think |
|
105 |
to smell |
to ɗɤmᴬ
|
106 |
to fear |
to jaːnᶜ
|
107 |
to sleep |
nwɯːnᴬ
|
108 |
to live |
ɲaŋᴬ
|
109 |
to die |
to p.taːjᴬ
|
110 |
to kill |
to qaːᶜ
|
111 |
to fight |
|
112 |
to hunt |
to p.rawᴮ
|
113 |
to hit |
|
114 |
to cut |
to tacᴰ
|
115 |
to split |
panᴬ
|
116 |
to stab |
|
117 |
to scratch |
to kawᴬ
|
118 |
to dig |
|
119 |
to swim |
to loːjᴬ
|
120 |
to fly |
to ɓilᴬ
|
121 |
to walk |
to praːjᶜ
|
122 |
to come |
to ʰmaːᴬ
|
123 |
to lie (as in a bed) |
nwɯːnᴬ
|
124 |
to sit |
to naŋᴮ
|
125 |
to stand |
to C̥.ɟɯːnᴬ
|
126 |
to turn (intransitive) |
pliːnᶜ
|
127 |
to fall |
lɤmᶜ
|
128 |
to give |
to haɰᶜ
|
129 |
to hold |
kamᴬ
|
130 |
to squeeze |
to galᶜ
|
131 |
to rub |
|
132 |
to wash |
to zaːwᴬ
|
133 |
to wipe |
to ɟetᴰ
|
134 |
to pull |
to C̬.laːkᴰ
|
135 |
to push |
|
136 |
to throw |
|
137 |
to tie |
to cm̩.rukᴰ
|
138 |
to sew |
to ɲepᴰ
|
139 |
to count |
to napᴰ
|
140 |
to say |
|
141 |
to sing |
|
142 |
to play |
|
143 |
to float |
to wuːᴬ
|
144 |
to flow |
to ʰlwajᴬ
|
145 |
to freeze |
|
146 |
to swell |
|
147 |
sun |
ɗiːᴮ
|
148 |
moon |
ɓlɯənᴬ
|
149 |
star |
ɗiːᴮ
|
150 |
water |
C̬.namᶜ
|
151 |
rain |
C̥.wɯnᴬ
|
152 |
river |
daːᴮ
|
153 |
lake |
|
154 |
sea |
|
155 |
salt |
ʔɯǝpᴰ
|
156 |
stone |
triːlᴬ
|
157 |
sand |
zwɯəjᴬ
|
158 |
dust |
pacᴰ
|
159 |
earth |
ɗin
|
160 |
cloud |
ʰwɯəᶜ
|
161 |
fog |
ʰmoːkᴰ
|
162 |
sky |
vaːᶜ
|
163 |
wind |
C̬.lɯmᴬ
|
164 |
snow |
|
165 |
ice |
|
166 |
smoke |
ɣwanᴬ
|
167 |
fire |
wɤjᴬ
|
168 |
ash |
dawᴮ
|
169 |
to burn |
to ʰmajᶜ
|
170 |
road |
ʰrwɤnᴬ
|
171 |
mountain |
praːᴬ
|
172 |
red |
C̥.dwiːŋᴬ
|
173 |
green |
xiəwᴬ
|
174 |
yellow |
ʰlɯəŋᴬ
|
175 |
white |
xaːwᴬ
|
176 |
black |
C̥.damᴬ
|
177 |
night |
ɣɯːnᴬ
|
178 |
day |
mwɯːᶜ
|
179 |
year |
piːᴬ
|
180 |
warm |
ʔunᴮ
|
181 |
cold |
q.watᴰ
|
182 |
full |
k.temᴬ
|
183 |
new |
ʰmɤːlᴮ
|
184 |
old |
kawᴮ
|
185 |
good |
ɗɤjᴬ
|
186 |
bad |
rwɤːjᶜ
|
187 |
rotten |
nawᴮ
|
188 |
dirty |
|
189 |
straight |
zɤːᴮ
|
190 |
round |
|
191 |
sharp (as a knife) |
ɣɤmᴬ
|
192 |
dull (as a knife) |
|
193 |
smooth |
m.lɯːlᴮ
|
194 |
wet |
domᴬ
|
195 |
dry |
χaɰᴮ
|
196 |
correct |
|
197 |
near |
k.raɰᶜ
|
198 |
far |
k.lajᴬ
|
199 |
right |
|
200 |
left |
|
201 |
at |
|
202 |
in |
C̥.daɰᴬ
|
203 |
with |
kapᴰ
|
204 |
and |
|
205 |
if |
|
206 |
because |
|
207 |
name |
ɟɤːᴮ
|