Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bardaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”).

The change from a feminine first declension pattern to a masculine short a-stem is analogous; a more etymologically accurate descendant would be something like "bardō."

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɑr.ðɑz/

Noun

*bardaz m

1. beard

Inflection

Declension of *bardaz (masculine a-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	*bardaz	*bardōz, *bardōs
vocative	*bard	*bardōz, *bardōs
accusative	*bardą	*bardanz
genitive	*bardas, *bardis	*bardǫ̂
dative	*bardai	*bardamaz
instrumental	*bardō	*bardamiz

Derived terms

• *bardalausaz
• *bardǭ, *bardō (perhaps)
• *langabardaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *bard
  • Old English: beard
    • Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
      • English: beard
      • Scots: berd, berde, beird
      • Yola: bearde
      • → Anglo-Norman: berd
      • →⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)
  • Old Frisian: *bard, berd
    • West Frisian: burd
  • Old Saxon: bard
    • Middle Low German: bart
      • German Low German: Baart
      • Westphalian
        • Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bårt
        • Vest Recklinghausen: Bart
        • Westmünsterländisch: Baord, Buord, Burd
      • Plautdietsch: Boat
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
      • → Saterland Frisian: Boart
  • Old Dutch: *bart
    • Middle Dutch: bāert
      • Dutch: baard
        • Afrikaans: baard
        • Negerhollands: baard
          • → Virgin Islands Creole: bad (archaic)
        • → Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
        • → West Frisian: baard
      • Limburgish: baerd
  • Old High German: bart
    • Middle High German: bart
      • Alemannic German: Baart
      • Bavarian: Bårt
      • Central Franconian:

        Hunsrik: Baart

        Luxembourgish: Baart

      • East Central German:

        Upper Saxon German:

        Vilamovian: biöet, biöt

      • East Franconian:
      • German: Bart
        • → Norwegian: bart
      • Rhine Franconian: Bat, Bart

        Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt], (older) [b̥ɔːt]

        Pennsylvania German: Baart

      • Yiddish: באָרד (bord)
• Old Norse: barð n (< *barðą)
  • Icelandic: barð
  • Norwegian Bokmål: bard m
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: bard, barde
  • Swedish: bard, bård
• Crimean Gothic: bars