Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helpōlausaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *helpō (“help”) +‎ *-lausaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxel.pɔː.ˌlɑu̯.sɑz/

Adjective

*helpōlausaz

1. helpless

Inflection

Declension of *helpōlausaz (a-stem)

strong declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*helpōlausaz	*helpōlausai	*helpōlausō	*helpōlausôz	*helpōlausą, *-at(ō)	*helpōlausō
accusative	*helpōlausanǭ	*helpōlausanz	*helpōlausǭ	*helpōlausōz	*helpōlausą, *-at(ō)	*helpōlausō
genitive	*helpōlausas, *helpōlausis	*helpōlausaizǫ̂	*helpōlausaizōz	*helpōlausaizǫ̂	*helpōlausas, *helpōlausis	*helpōlausaizǫ̂
dative	*helpōlausammai	*helpōlausaimaz	*helpōlausaizōi	*helpōlausaimaz	*helpōlausammai	*helpōlausaimaz
instrumental	*helpōlausanō	*helpōlausaimiz	*helpōlausaizō	*helpōlausaimiz	*helpōlausanō	*helpōlausaimiz
weak declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*helpōlausô	*helpōlausaniz	*helpōlausǭ	*helpōlausōniz	*helpōlausô	*helpōlausōnō
accusative	*helpōlausanų	*helpōlausanunz	*helpōlausōnų	*helpōlausōnunz	*helpōlausô	*helpōlausōnō
genitive	*helpōlausiniz	*helpōlausanǫ̂	*helpōlausōniz	*helpōlausōnǫ̂	*helpōlausiniz	*helpōlausanǫ̂
dative	*helpōlausini	*helpōlausammaz	*helpōlausōni	*helpōlausōmaz	*helpōlausini	*helpōlausammaz
instrumental	*helpōlausinē	*helpōlausammiz	*helpōlausōnē	*helpōlausōmiz	*helpōlausinē	*helpōlausammiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *helpulaus
  • Old English: *helplēas
    • Middle English: helples
      • English: helpless
      • Scots: helples, helpless
  • Old Frisian: helpelās
    • North Frisian: holpleaz
    • Saterland Frisian: hälploos
    • West Frisian: helpleas
  • Old Saxon: *helpalōs
    • Middle Low German: *helpelôs
  • Old High German: helfalōs
    • Middle High German: hëlfelōs, hëlflōs
      • German: hilflos
• Old Norse: hjalplauss, hjalparlauss (changed to genitival compound)
  • Icelandic: hjálplaus, hjálparlaus
  • Norwegian: hjelpeløs
  • Swedish: hjälplös, hjälpelös
  • Danish: hjælpeløs