Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/duš-

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *duš-, from Proto-Indo-European *dus-.

Prefix

*duš-

1. bad

   Antonym: *Hhu-

Derived terms

Proto-Iranian terms prefixed with *duš-

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušHnā́ma

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušHáhuš

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušmánāh

Descendants

• Central Iranian
  • Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬱- (duš-), 𐬛𐬎𐬲- (duž-)
• Northestern Iranian:
  • Khotanese: [script needed] (duṣ-)
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Bactrian: λρου- (lrou-), δρου- (drou-)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: دژ- (dij-)

    Northern Kurdish: dij-, duj-

    Southern Kurdish: دژ- (dij-), دش- (diş-)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    • Parthian: (/⁠duž-, dōž-; diž-⁠/)

      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫋 (dwj), 𐫅𐫏𐫋 (dyj)

      • → Old Armenian: դժ- (dž-)
      • → Middle Persian: (/⁠duž⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫋 (dwj)

        • → Classical Persian: دژـ (duž-)
    • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
      • Gurani: دژ- (diž-), دژە- (diža-)
      • Zazaki: diş-, dış (deš-)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁- (duš-)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠duš-⁠/)

      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫢 (dwš)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwš)

      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭱 (dʿš)

      • Classical Persian: دش (duš-)

        Dari: دش (duš-)

        Iranian Persian: دش (doš-)

        Tajik: душ- (duš-)