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The Coptic alphabet and transliteration

The Coptic alphabet have 31 characters derived from both the Greek alphabet and the Demotic cursive hieroglyphic script (marked in green). Unlike the original Greek alphabet, Coptic does not posses -a distinct upper case version of its letters.

Coptic does not have a set transliteration. But since it derived from the Greek alphabet, we can borrow the Greek transliteration with few changes.

Case	Characters
Upper	Ⲁ	Ⲃ	Ⲅ	Ⲇ	Ⲉ	Ⲍ	Ⲏ	Ⲑ	Ⲓ	Ⲕ	Ⲗ	Ⲙ	Ⲛ	Ⲝ	Ⲟ	Ⲡ	Ⲣ	Ⲥ	Ⲧ	Ⲩ	Ⲫ	Ⲭ	Ⲯ	Ⲱ	Ϣ	Ϥ	Ϧ	Ϩ	Ϫ	Ϭ	Ϯ
Lower	ⲁ	ⲃ	ⲅ	ⲇ	ⲉ	ⲍ	ⲏ	ⲑ	ⲓ	ⲕ	ⲗ	ⲙ	ⲛ	ⲝ	ⲟ	ⲡ	ⲣ	ⲥ	ⲧ	ⲩ	ⲫ	ⲭ	ⲯ	ⲱ	ϣ	ϥ	ϧ	ϩ	ϫ	ϭ	ϯ
Case	Transliteration
Upper	A	B	G	D	E	Z	Ē	Th	I	K	L	M	N	Ks	O	P	R	S	T	U	Ph	Kh	Ps	Ō	Š	F	X	H	C	Ch	Ti
Lower	a	b	g	d	e	z	ē	th	i	k	l	m	n	ks	o	p	r	s	t	u	ph	kh	ps	ō	š	f	x	h	c	ch	ti

Other letters

• Ϧ may be written either with a straight or a curled beginning.
• Akhmimic used its own Ⳉ (a modification of Ϩ /h/) instead of Ϧ /x/.
• Some earlier manuscripts contain a special adaption of shai "Ⳃ ⳃ" and a unique "Ⳋ ⳋ", both probably representing a voiceless palatal fricative (/ç/).

Origin

The origin for the additional seven characters — shai, fai, xai, hori, cancia, chima and tiei — is from Egyptian hieroglyphs through a mediate cursive form known as Demotic.

	Characters
Letter	Ϣ	Ϥ	Ϧ	Ϩ	Ϫ	Ϭ	Ϯ
Hieroglyphic
Demotic

Vowels

All dialects seem to have had the same vowel set, but they utilized them differently.

Vowels (all dialects)

		Front	Central	Back
Close		i, iː, y		u, uː
Close-mid		e, eː		o, oː
Mid			ə
Open-mid		ɛ, ɛː		ɔ, ɔː
Open		a, aː

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n			(ŋ)
Stop	voiceless	p	t	t͡ʃ	c	k	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡ʃʼ		kʼ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	t͡ʃʰ		kʰ
	voiced		(d)			(ɡ)
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ		x	h
	voiced	β	(z)
Trill			r
Approximant			l		j	w

Velar nasal

Scholars noticed a possible realization of a velar nasal, particularly in Sahidic. The digraph "ⲛⲕ" /nk/ may be interchanged with "ⲛⲅ" at the end of words. According to Vergote, Ernštedt, Loprieno and Kasser, this points to a realization of [ng] or [ŋg], according to Hinze and Worrel [ŋk], and according to Cartreau and Peust simply [ŋ] similar to German nk.

• ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛⲅ (tōoung) “rise yourself” /ˈtownk/ [ˈtowŋg] or [ˈtowŋk] or [ˈtowŋ] from Egyptian dwn.k

The rare digraph "ⲙⲕ" /nk/ is also interchangeable with "ⲙⲅ". According to Peust, this is realized as [mŋ]:

• ⲟⲩⲱⲙⲅ (ouōmg) “to eat you” /ˈwomk/ [ˈwomŋ] from Egyptian wnm.k

Sahidic

Sahidic consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n			(ŋ)
Stop	voiceless	p	t	t͡ʃ	c	k	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡ʃʼ		kʼ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	t͡ʃʰ		kʰ
	voiced		(d)			(ɡ)
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ			h
	voiced	β	(z)
Trill			r
Approximant			l		j	w

Bohairic

Bohairic consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n			(ŋ)
Stop	voiceless	p	t	t͡ʃ		k	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡ʃʼ		kʼ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	t͡ʃʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	(d)			(ɡ)
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ		x	h
	voiced	β	(z)
Trill			r
Approximant			l		j	w