User:Allahverdi Verdizade/az-ipa

Towards the construction of {az-ipa}

General

Pronunciation 1

Basic values

< a > = /ɑ/
< b > = /b/
< c > = /d͡ʒ/
< ç > = /t͡ʃ/
< d > = /d/
< e > = /e/
< ə > = /æ/
< f > = /f/
< g > = /ɡ/
< ğ > = /ɣ/
< h > = /h/
< x > = /χ/
< ı > = /ɯ/
< i > = /i/
< j > = /ʒ/
< k > = /k/
< q > = /ɡ/
< l > = /l/
< m > = /m/
< n > = /n/
< o > = /o/
< ö > = /œ/
< p > = /p/
< r > = /r/
< s > = /s/
< ş > = /ʃ/
< t > = /t/
< u > = /u/
< ü > = /y/
< v > = /v/
< y > = /j/
< z > = /z/

Pronunciation 2

Basic values

< a > = /ɑ/
< b > = /b/
< c > = /d͡z/
< ç > = /t͡s/
< d > = /d/
< e > = /e/
< ə > = /æ/
< f > = /f/
< g > = /d͡ʒ/
< ğ > = /ɣ/
< h > = /h/
< x > = /χ/
< ı > = /ɯ/
< i > = /i/
< j > = /ʒ/
< k > = /t͡ʃ/
< q > = /ɡ/
< l > = /l/
< m > = /m/
< n > = /n/
< o > = /o/
< ö > = /œ/
< p > = /p/
< r > = /r/
< s > = /s/
< ş > = /ʃ/
< t > = /t/
< u > = /u/
< ü > = /y/
< v > = /v/
< y > = /j/
< z > = /z/

Examples:

gecə → [ɡeˈd͡ʒæ], [d͡ʒeˈd͡zæ] 
kiçik → [kiˈt͡ʃik], [t͡ʃiˈt͡sit͡ʃ]

Natural classes

• Vowels <a,u,o,ı, ə, ü, ö, i, e>
  • Back vowels <a,u,o,ı>
  • Front vowels <ə, ü, ö, i, e>
• Consonants <q,r,t,y,p,s,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,z,x,v,b,n,m,c,ç,ş >
  • Sibilants < s,z,ş,j >

Phonological processes

Fricativization and approximatization

• Fricativization: < q > → [χ]/ [back vowel]_#

parlaq: /pɑrˈɫɑɡ/ → [pɑˈrːɑχ]
almaq: /ɑɫˈmɑɡ/ → [ɑɫˈmɑχ]
araq: /ɑˈrɑɡ/ → [ɑˈrɑχ]

• Approximatization: < k > → [j]/ [front vowel]_#

gəlmək: /ɡælˈmæk/ → [ɡælˈmæj]
çörək: /t͡ʃœˈræk/ → [t͡ʃœˈræj]

Lengthening

• Gemination: double [consonant] → [Cː]

hətta: /hætˈtɑ/ → [hæˈtːɑ] 
eşşək: /eʃʃæk/ → [eʃːæk] 

• Double vowel: double [vowel]→[V.V]

mənfəət: /mænfæˈæt/ → [mænfæ.ˈæt]
saat: /saˈat/ → [sa.ˈat]

• Double q: <qq> → [kː]/[back vowel]_[back vowel]

saqqal: /sɑɡːɑl/ → [sɑkːɑl]
çaqqal: /t͡ʃɑɡːɑl/ → [t͡ʃɑkːɑl]

Velarization

• l-Velarization: l → [ɫ]/_[back vowel], l → [ɫ]/[back vowel]_

lakin: /lɑ'kin/ → [ɫɑ'kin]
sal: /sɑl/ → [sɑɫ]

Assimilation

• l-Assimilation: <l> → [tː,dː,n,rː]/t,d,n_

r_ :

parlaq: /pɑrˈɫɑχ/ → [pɑˈrːɑχ]
yerli /jerˈli/ → [jeˈrːi:] 

t_ :

dostlar /dostˈɫɑr/ → [dosˈtːɑr] 

d_ :

adlar /ɑdˈɫɑr/ → [ɑˈdːɑr] 

n_ :

insanlar /insanˈɫɑr/ → [insɑˈnːɑr] 
olanlar /oɫɑnˈɫɑr/ → [oɫɑnːˈɑr] 

• r-Assimilation: <r> → [lː]/_lar,lər (in non-lemma forms only)

gedirlər: /ɡeˈdirlær/ → [ɡeˈdilːær]
yatırlar /jɑˈtɯrɫɑr/ → /jɑˈtɯɫːɑr/

• n-Assimilation: <n> → [mː]/_m

qanmaq /ɡɑnˈmɑχ/ → [ɡɑˈmːɑχ] 
enmək /enˈmæk/ → [emːæk]

Dissimilation

• Dissimilation of /l/ away from sibilants:

<l>→[t]/[s,ʃ]_

tanışlar /tɑnɯʃˈɫɑr/ → [tɑnɯʃˈtɑr]
başlamaq /bɑʃɫɑˈmɑχ/ → [bɑʃtɑˈmɑχ]
əsaslar /æˈsɑsˈɫɑr/ → [æˈsɑsˈtɑr]

<l>→[d]/[z,ʒ]_

qazlar /ɡɑzˈɫɑr/ → [ɡɑzˈdɑr]
mesajlar /mesɑʒˈɫɑr/ → [mesɑʒˈdɑr]

Stress

• Generally on the last syllable for lemma-forms.

ana → [ɑˈnɑ]
satan → [sɑˈtɑn]
qablar → [ɡɑbˈɫɑr]
uzundraz → [uzunˈdrɑz]

A number of borrowed items are stressed on the anti-penultimate syllable.Among them:

• Nouns derived from terms including Russian -ция are realized as -siya [s(i)ja] in Azerbaijani. Stress falls on the syllable preceding -siya, that is on the anti-penultimate syllable.

urbanizasiya → [urbɑniˈzɑs(i)jɑ]
informasiya → [inforˈmɑs(i)jɑ]
 

• The suffix: -и́стика → -istika [ˈistikɑ] is stressed on the anti-penultimate syllable.

jurnalistika → [ʒurnɑˈlistikɑ]

• Words containing the suffix -логия → -logiya [ˈɫoɡ(i)jɑ] are stressed on the anti-penultimate syllable.

etimologija → [etimoˈɫoɡ(i)ja]

• Words containing the suffix -ия → -iya [(i)jɑ] are stressed on the anti-penultimate syllable.

Yaponiya → [jɑˈpon(i)jɑ]
harmoniya → [hɑrˈmon(i)jɑ]

Compensatory vowel lengthening

This is the hardest part to implement in a module. Many borrowed items, especially the ones from Arabic and Persian, break the vowel harmony. This causes some vowels to be lengthened. In case of Arabic loan words, this lengthening most often coincides with the original Arabic long vowels - and may have originated there.

Most cases of vowel lengthening can be summarized as folowing: a back vowel, which is most often /a/ or /o/ in an open syllable becomes lengthened if the following syllable contains a front vowel, which is almost always a /i/ or /æ/ or /e/.

• katib -> [kɑːˈtib], comərd -> [d͡ʒoːˈmærd], tofiq -> [toːˈfiɡ]; yeganə -> [jegʲɑːˈnæ]; sənaye -> [sænaːˈje]
• but not in dampizişk -> [dɑmpiˈziʃk], because [dɑm] is a closed syllable.

A front vowel which precedes a back vowel does not result in lenthening of anything.

• üsul -> [yˈsuɫ], üslub -> [ysˈɫub]
• kitab -> [kitɑb], girov -> [ɡiˈrov]

Additionally to this, /e/ gets lengthened in open syllables preceding an /a/.

• edam -> [eːˈdɑm]
• memar -> [meːˈmɑr]
• but not in meydan -> [mejːˈdɑn], because [mej] is a closed syllable.