User:BoxGirder/Phonology

Akkadian

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Consonants

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Akkadian consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar uvular glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡s ⟨s⟩ k ⟨k⟩ ʔ ⟨ʾ⟩
emphatic ⟨ṭ⟩ t͡sʼ ⟨ṣ⟩ ⟨q⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡z ⟨z⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
fricative ʃ ⟨š⟩ x ⟨ḫ⟩
approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
trill ʀ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

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Akkadian short vowel phonemes
front back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
close-mid e ⟨e⟩
open a ⟨a⟩
Akkadian long vowel phonemes
front back
close ⟨ī⟩ ⟨ū⟩
close-mid ⟨ē⟩
open ⟨ā⟩

Aymara

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Consonants

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Aymara consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar uvular glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩
plosive,
affricate
tenuis p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨k⟩ q ⟨q⟩
aspirated ⟨ph⟩ ⟨th⟩ t͡ʃʰ ⟨chh⟩ ⟨kh⟩ ⟨qh⟩
ejective ⟨p'⟩ ⟨t'⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ch'⟩ ⟨k'⟩ ⟨q'⟩
fricative s ⟨s⟩ χ ⟨x⟩ h ⟨j⟩
approximant central w ⟨w⟩ j ⟨y⟩
lateral l ⟨l⟩ ʎ ⟨ll⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

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Aymara short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩
Aymara long vowel phonemes
front central back
close ⟨ï⟩ ⟨ü⟩
open äː ⟨ä⟩

Chinese

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Consonants

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Standard Chinese consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar retroflex velar
nasal m n ŋ
plosive,
affricate
plain p t t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k
aspirated t͡sʰ ʈ͡ʂʰ
fricative f s ʂ x
approximant l ɻ

Vowels

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Standard Chinese vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close i y u
mid ə
open ä

Tones

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Standard Chinese tone phonemes
level ˥
contour ˧˥ ˨˩˦ ˥˩

Egyptian

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Consonants

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Old Egyptian consonant phonemes
bilabial dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ṯ⟩ k ⟨k⟩
ejective ⟨d⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩ ⟨g⟩ ⟨q⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩
fricative ɸ ⟨f⟩ θ ⟨z⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ç ⟨ḫ⟩ x ⟨š⟩ ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant l ⟨ꜣ⟩ j ⟨j⟩ w ⟨w⟩ ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩
Middle Egyptian consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ṯ⟩ k ⟨k⟩
ejective ⟨d⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩ ⟨g⟩ ⟨q⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩
fricative ɸ ⟨f⟩ s ⟨z s⟩ ʃ ⟨š⟩ x ⟨ḫ ẖ⟩ ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant l ⟨ꜣ⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩ ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩
Late Egyptian and Demotic consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t ṱ⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ḏ ṯ⟩ c ⟨g k⟩ k ⟨q k⟩
ejective ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩ ⟨g⟩ ⟨q⟩
fricative ɸ ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨š⟩ ç ⟨ḫ h̭⟩ x ⟨ẖ⟩ ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant β ⟨b⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩ ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩
Coptic consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ⲙ⟩ n ⟨ⲛ⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless p ⟨ⲡ ⲫ⟩ t ⟨ⲧ ⲑ⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ϫ ϭ⟩ c ⟨ϭ⟩ k ⟨ⲕ ⲭ⟩
ejective ⟨ⲧ⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ϫ⟩ ⟨ⲕ⟩
fricative ɸ ⟨ϥ⟩ s ⟨ⲥ⟩ ʃ ⟨ϣ⟩ x ⟨ϧ ⳉ⟩ h ⟨ϩ⟩
approximant β ⟨ⲃ⟩ l ⟨ⲗ⟩ j ⟨ⲉⲓ⟩ w ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨ⲣ⟩
Late Coptic consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ⲙ⟩ n ⟨ⲛ⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless t ⟨ⲑ⟩ k ⟨ⲕ ⲭ⟩
voiced b ⟨ⲡ ⲫ⟩ d ⟨ⲧ⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨ϫ⟩
fricative f ⟨ϥ⟩ s ⟨ⲥ⟩ ʃ ⟨ϣ ϭ⟩ x ⟨ϧ⟩ h ⟨ϩ⟩
approximant l ⟨ⲗ⟩ j ⟨ⲓ⟩ w ⟨ⲃ ⲟⲩ⟩
trill r ⟨ⲣ⟩

Vowels

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Old and Middle Egyptian vowel phonemes
front back
close i u
open a
Late Egyptian vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close i
close-mid e ø o
mid ə
open a
Demotic and Coptic vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨ⲉⲓ⟩ u ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩
close-mid e ⟨ⲏ⟩ o ⟨ⲱ⟩
mid ə ⟨ⲉ⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨ⲉ⟩ ɔ ⟨ⲟ⟩
open a ⟨ⲁ⟩
Late Coptic vowel phonemes
front back
close i ⟨ⲏ ⲓ⟩ u ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩
close-mid o ⟨ⲟ ⲱ⟩
open a ⟨ⲁ ⲉ ⲏ⟩

English

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Consonants

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American English consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m n ŋ
plosive,
affricate
fortis p t t͡ʃ k
lenis b d d͡ʒ ɡ
fricative fortis f θ s ʃ h
lenis v ð z ʒ
approximant w l ɹ j

Vowels

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American English vowel phonemes
front central back
close i u
near-close ɪ ʊ
close-mid e
mid ə
open-mid ɛ ɔ
near-open æ ɐ
open ä

Georgian

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Consonants

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Standard Georgian consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental dental alveolar postalveolar velar uvular glottal
nasal m ⟨მ⟩ n ⟨ნ⟩
plosive,
affricate
aspirated ⟨ფ⟩ ⟨თ⟩ t͡sʰ ⟨ც⟩ t͡ʃʰ ⟨ჩ⟩ ⟨ქ⟩
ejective ⟨პ⟩ ⟨ტ⟩ t͡sʼ ⟨წ⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ჭ⟩ ⟨კ⟩ ⟨ყ⟩
voiced b ⟨ბ⟩ d ⟨დ⟩ d͡z ⟨ძ⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨ჯ⟩ ɡ ⟨გ⟩
fricative voiceless s ⟨ს⟩ ʃ ⟨შ⟩ x ⟨ხ⟩ h ⟨ჰ⟩
voiced v ⟨ვ⟩ z ⟨ზ⟩ ʒ ⟨ჟ⟩ ɣ ⟨ღ⟩
approximant l ⟨ლ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨რ⟩

Vowels

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Standard Georgian vowel phonemes
front back
close i ⟨ი⟩ u ⟨უ⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨ე⟩ ɔ ⟨ო⟩
open ɑ ⟨ა⟩

Greek

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Consonants

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Attic Greek consonant phonemes
bilabial dental alveolar velar glottal
nasal m ⟨Μ⟩ n ⟨Ν⟩
plosive tenuis p ⟨Π⟩ t ⟨Τ⟩ k ⟨Κ⟩
aspirated ⟨Φ⟩ ⟨Θ⟩ ⟨Χ⟩
voiced b ⟨Β⟩ d ⟨Δ⟩ ɡ ⟨Γ⟩
fricative s ⟨Σ⟩ h
approximant l ⟨Λ⟩
trill r ⟨Ρ⟩

Vowels

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Attic Greek short vowel phonemes
front back
unrounded rounded
close i ⟨Ι⟩ y ⟨Υ⟩
close-mid e ⟨Ε⟩ o ⟨Ο⟩
open a ⟨Α⟩
Attic Greek long vowel phonemes
front back
unrounded rounded
close ⟨Ι⟩ ⟨Υ⟩
close-mid ⟨ΕΙ⟩ ⟨ΟΥ⟩
open-mid ɛː ⟨Η⟩ ɔː ⟨Ω⟩
open ⟨Α⟩

Hawaiian

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Consonants

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Hawaiian consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar velar glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive p ⟨p⟩ k ⟨k⟩ ʔ ⟨ʻ⟩
fricative h ⟨h⟩
approximant ʋ ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩

Vowels

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Hawaiian short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
mid ⟨o⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩
near-open ɐ ⟨a⟩
Hawaiian long vowel phonemes
front central back
close ⟨ī⟩ ⟨ū⟩
mid e̞ː ⟨ē⟩ o̞ː ⟨ō⟩
open äː ⟨ā⟩

Hebrew

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Consonants

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Biblical Hebrew consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
central lateral
nasal m ⟨𐤌⟩ n ⟨𐤍⟩
plosive voiceless p ⟨𐤐⟩ t ⟨𐤕⟩ k ⟨𐤊⟩ ʔ ⟨𐤀⟩
emphatic ⟨𐤈⟩ ⟨𐤒⟩
voiced b ⟨𐤁⟩ d ⟨𐤃⟩ ɡ ⟨𐤂⟩
fricative voiceless s ⟨𐤎⟩ ɬ ⟨𐤔⟩ ʃ ⟨𐤔⟩ x ⟨𐤇⟩ ħ ⟨𐤇⟩ h ⟨𐤄⟩
emphatic ⟨𐤑⟩
voiced z ⟨𐤆⟩ ɣ ⟨𐤏⟩ ʕ ⟨𐤏⟩
approximant w ⟨𐤅⟩ l ⟨𐤋⟩ j ⟨𐤉⟩
trill r ⟨𐤓⟩

Vowels

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Biblical Hebrew short vowel phonemes
front back
close i u
open a
Biblical Hebrew long vowel phonemes
front back
close
close-mid
open

Japanese

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Consonants

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Japanese consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m n
plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
fricative voiceless s h
voiced z
approximant w j
liquid ɾ
Japanese archiphonemes
nasal ɴ
geminate

Vowels

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Japanese short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ɯᵝ
mid
open ä
Japanese long vowel phonemes
front central back
close ɯᵝː
mid e̞ː o̞ː
open äː

Kʼicheʼ

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Consonants

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Kʼicheʼ consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar uvular glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate
plain p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡s ⟨tz⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨k⟩ q ⟨q⟩ ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
glottalic ɓ ⟨bʼ⟩ ⟨tʼ⟩ t͡sʼ ⟨tzʼ⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ ⟨kʼ⟩ ⟨qʼ⟩
fricative s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩ χ ⟨j⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
trill r ⟨r⟩

Vowels

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Kʼicheʼ short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
mid ⟨e⟩ ə ⟨a⟩ ⟨o⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩
Kʼicheʼ long vowel phonemes
front central back
close ⟨i⟩ ⟨u⟩
mid e̞ː ⟨e⟩ o̞ː ⟨o⟩
open äː ⟨a⟩

Korean

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Consonants

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Middle Korean consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ㅁ⟩ n ⟨ㄴ⟩ ŋ ⟨ㆁ⟩
plosive,
affricate
plain p ⟨ㅂ⟩ t ⟨ㄷ⟩ t͡s ⟨ㅈ⟩ k ⟨ㄱ⟩
aspirated ⟨ㅍ⟩ ⟨ㅌ⟩ t͡sʰ ⟨ㅊ⟩ ⟨ㅋ⟩
fricative plain s ⟨ㅅ⟩ h ⟨ㅎ⟩
tense ⟨ㅆ⟩ ⟨ㆅ⟩
voiced β ⟨ㅸ⟩ z ⟨ㅿ⟩ ɣ ⟨ㅇ⟩
approximant w j
liquid ɾ ⟨ㄹ⟩
Korean consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ㅁ⟩ n ⟨ㄴ⟩ ŋ ⟨ㅇ⟩
plosive,
affricate
plain p ⟨ㅂ⟩ t ⟨ㄷ⟩ t͡ɕ ⟨ㅈ⟩ k ⟨ㄱ⟩
tense ⟨ㅃ⟩ ⟨ㄸ⟩ t͡ɕ͈ ⟨ㅉ⟩ ⟨ㄲ⟩
aspirated ⟨ㅍ⟩ ⟨ㅌ⟩ t͡ɕʰ ⟨ㅊ⟩ ⟨ㅋ⟩
fricative plain s ⟨ㅅ⟩ h ⟨ㅎ⟩
tense ⟨ㅆ⟩
approximant w j ɰ
liquid ɾ ⟨ㄹ⟩

Vowels

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Middle Korean vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close i ⟨ㅣ⟩ ɨ ⟨ㅡ⟩ u ⟨ㅜ⟩
close-mid ɘ ⟨ㅓ⟩ o ⟨ㅗ⟩
open-mid ʌ ⟨ㆍ⟩
near-open ɐ ⟨ㅏ⟩
Korean short vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
close i ⟨ㅣ⟩ y ⟨ㅟ⟩ ɯ ⟨ㅡ⟩ u ⟨ㅜ⟩
close-mid e ⟨ㅔ⟩ ø ⟨ㅚ⟩ o ⟨ㅗ⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨ㅐ⟩ ʌ ⟨ㅓ⟩
near-open ɐ ⟨ㅏ⟩
Korean long vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
close ⟨ㅣ⟩ ⟨ㅟ⟩ ɯː ⟨ㅡ⟩ ⟨ㅜ⟩
close-mid ⟨ㅔ⟩ øː ⟨ㅚ⟩ ɘː ⟨ㅓ⟩ ⟨ㅗ⟩
open-mid ɛː ⟨ㅐ⟩
near-open ɐː ⟨ㅏ⟩

Tones

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Middle Korean tone phonemes
level ́ ⟨〮⟩ ̀
contour ̌ ⟨〯⟩

Latin

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Consonants

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Classical Latin consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental dental alveolar palatal velar glottal
plain labialized
nasal m ⟨M⟩ n ⟨N⟩
plosive voiceless p ⟨P⟩ t ⟨T⟩ k ⟨C K⟩ ⟨QV⟩
voiced b ⟨B⟩ d ⟨D⟩ ɡ ⟨G⟩ ɡʷ ⟨GV⟩
fricative f ⟨F⟩ s ⟨S⟩ h ⟨H⟩
approximant l ⟨L⟩ j ⟨I⟩ w ⟨V⟩
trill r ⟨R⟩

Vowels

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Classical Latin short vowel phonemes
front central back
near-close ɪ ⟨I⟩ ʊ ⟨V⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨E⟩ ɔ ⟨O⟩
open ä ⟨A⟩
Classical Latin long vowel phonemes
front central back
close ⟨Í⟩ ⟨V́⟩
close-mid ⟨É⟩ ⟨Ó⟩
open äː ⟨Á⟩

Maltese

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Consonants

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Maltese consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡s ⟨z⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ċ⟩ k ⟨k⟩ ʔ ⟨q⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨ġ⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩ ħ ⟨ħ⟩
voiced v ⟨v⟩ z ⟨ż⟩
approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨j⟩
trill r ⟨r⟩

Vowels

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Maltese short vowel phonemes
front central back
near-close ɪ ⟨i⟩ ʊ ⟨u⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩
near-open ɐ ⟨a⟩
Maltese long vowel phonemes
front central back
close ⟨i⟩ ⟨u⟩
near-close ɪː ⟨ie⟩
open-mid ɛː ⟨e⟩ ɔː ⟨o⟩
near-open ɐː ⟨a⟩

Nahuatl

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Consonants

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Classical Nahuatl consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
central lateral plain labialized
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨c qu⟩ ⟨cu uc⟩ ʔ ⟨h⟩
affricate t͡s ⟨tz⟩ t͡ɬ ⟨tl⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩
fricative s ⟨c z⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩
approximant l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨hu uh⟩

Vowels

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Classical Nahuatl short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩
mid ⟨e⟩ ⟨o⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩
Classical Nahuatl long vowel phonemes
front central back
close ⟨ī⟩
mid e̞ː ⟨ē⟩ o̞ː ⟨ō⟩
open äː ⟨ā⟩

Phoenician

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Consonants

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Phoenician consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨𐤌⟩ n ⟨𐤍⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless p ⟨𐤐⟩ t ⟨𐤕⟩ t͡s ⟨𐤎⟩ k ⟨𐤊⟩ ʔ ⟨𐤀⟩
emphatic ⟨𐤈⟩ t͡sˤ ⟨𐤑⟩ ⟨𐤒⟩
voiced b ⟨𐤁⟩ d ⟨𐤃⟩ d͡z ⟨𐤆⟩ ɡ ⟨𐤂⟩
fricative ʃ ⟨𐤔⟩ ħ ⟨𐤇⟩ h ⟨𐤄⟩
approximant w ⟨𐤅⟩ l ⟨𐤋⟩ j ⟨𐤉⟩ ʕ ⟨𐤏⟩
trill r ⟨𐤓⟩

Vowels

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Phoenician short vowel phonemes
front back
close i u
open a
Phoenician long vowel phonemes
front back
close
close-mid
open

Sumerian

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Consonants

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Sumerian consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ŋ ⟨ĝ⟩
plosive,
affricate
plain p ⟨b⟩ t ⟨d⟩ t͡s ⟨z⟩ k ⟨g⟩ ʔ
aspirated ⟨p⟩ ⟨t⟩ t͡sʰ ⟨ř⟩ ⟨k⟩
fricative s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨š⟩ x ⟨ḫ⟩ h
approximant l ⟨l⟩ j
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

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Sumerian short vowel phonemes
front back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩
open a ⟨a⟩
Sumerian long vowel phonemes
front back
close ⟨ī⟩ ⟨ū⟩
open-mid ɛː ⟨ē⟩
open ⟨ā⟩

Tagalog

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Consonants

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Old Tagalog consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ᜋ⟩ n ⟨ᜈ⟩ ŋ ⟨ᜅ⟩
plosive voiceless p ⟨ᜉ⟩ t ⟨ᜆ⟩ k ⟨ᜃ⟩ ʔ
voiced b ⟨ᜊ⟩ d ⟨ᜇ⟩ ɡ ⟨ᜄ⟩
fricative s ⟨ᜐ⟩ h ⟨ᜑ⟩
approximant w ⟨ᜏ⟩ l ⟨ᜎ⟩ j ⟨ᜌ⟩
Tagalog consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ŋ ⟨ng⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨k⟩ ʔ
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
fricative s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sh⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
rhotic ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

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Old Tagalog vowel phonemes
front central back
close i u
open ä
Tagalog vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
mid ⟨e⟩ ⟨o⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩

Thai

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Consonants

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Thai consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m n ŋ
plosive,
affricate
tenuis p t t͡ɕ k ʔ
aspirated t͡ɕʰ
voiced b d
fricative f s h
approximant w l j
trill r

Vowels

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Thai short vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close i ɯ u
mid ɤ̞
near-open æ ɔ̞
open ä
Thai long vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close ɯː
mid ɤ̞ː o̞ː
near-open æː ɔ̞ː
open äː

Tones

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Thai tone phonemes
level ˧
contour ˨˩ ˥˩ ˦˥ ˨˦

Ugaritic

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Consonants

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Ugaritic consonant phonemes
bilabial dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨𐎎⟩ n ⟨𐎐⟩
plosive voiceless p ⟨𐎔⟩ t ⟨𐎚⟩ k ⟨𐎋⟩ ʔ
emphatic ⟨𐎉⟩ ⟨𐎖⟩
voiced b ⟨𐎁⟩ d ⟨𐎄⟩ ɡ ⟨𐎂⟩
fricative voiceless θ ⟨𐎘⟩ s ⟨𐎒⟩ ʃ ⟨𐎌⟩ x ⟨𐎃⟩ ħ ⟨𐎈⟩ h ⟨𐎅⟩
emphatic θˤ ⟨𐎑⟩ ⟨𐎕⟩
voiced ð ⟨𐎏⟩ z ⟨𐎇⟩ ɣ ⟨𐎙⟩ ʕ ⟨𐎓⟩
approximant w ⟨𐎆⟩ l ⟨𐎍⟩ j ⟨𐎊⟩
trill r ⟨𐎗⟩

Vowels

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Ugaritic short vowel phonemes
front back
close i u
open a
Ugaritic long vowel phonemes
front back
close
close-mid
open

Yoruba

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Consonants

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Yoruba consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
plain labial
nasal m ⟨m⟩ ŋ ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate
voiceless t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨k⟩ k͡p ⟨p⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩ ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩
fricative f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨ṣ⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant l ⟨l n⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

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Yoruba oral vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
close-mid e ⟨e⟩ o ⟨o⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨ẹ⟩ ɔ ⟨ọ⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩
Yoruba nasal vowel phonemes
front back
close ĩ ⟨in⟩ ũ ⟨un⟩
open-mid ɛ̃ ⟨ẹn⟩ ɔ̃ ⟨ọn⟩

Tones

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Yoruba tone phonemes
level ́ ⟨́⟩ ̄ ̀ ⟨̀⟩

References

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Chinese

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  • Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007) The Sounds of Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

Egyptian

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  • Worrell, William H. (1937) “Popular Traditions of the Coptic Language”, in The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures[1], volume 54, number 1/4, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pages 1–11
  • Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary[2], Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
  • Isḥāḳ, Emile Māher (1975) The phonetics and phonology of the Boḥairic dialect of Coptic and the survival of Coptic words in the colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic grammatical constructions in colloquial Egyptian Arabic (doctoral thesis), Oxford: University of Oxford
  • Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
  • Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN
  • Atiya, Aziz Suryal, editor (1991), The Coptic Encyclopedia[3], New York: Macmillan, →ISBN
  • Hoch, James E. (1994) Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN
  • Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
  • Peust, Carsten (1999) Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language[4], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR
  • Peust, Carsten (2008) “On Consonant Frequency in Egyptian and Other Languages”, in Lingua Aegyptia[5], volume 16, Hamburg: Widmaier Verlag, pages 105–134
  • Allen, James P. (2013) The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
  • Allen, James P. (2020) Ancient Egyptian Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

Georgian

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  • Shosted, Ryan K., Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006) “Standard Georgian”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association[6], volume 36, number 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 255–264

Hawaiian

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  • Elbert, Samuel H., Pukui, Mary Kawena (1979) Hawaiian Grammar, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN
  • Parker Jones, ʻŌiwi (2018) “Hawaiian”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association[7], volume 48, number 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 103–115

Kʼicheʼ

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  • Larsen, Thomas W. (1988) Manifestations of Ergativity in Quiché Grammar[8] (doctoral dissertation), Berkeley: University of California

Korean

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  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999) “Korean”, in Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet[9], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 120–123
  • Lee, Ki-Moon, Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

Maltese

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  • Lucas, Christopher, Čéplö, Slavomír (2020) “Maltese”, in Arabic and contact-induced change[10], Berlin: Language Science Press, →ISBN, pages 265–302

Sumerian

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  • Jagersma, Bram (2010) A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian[11] (doctoral thesis)