User:BoxGirder/Phonology
Akkadian
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | |||||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡s ⟨s⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʾ⟩ | |||
emphatic | tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨ṣ⟩ | kʼ ⟨q⟩ | ||||||
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | d͡z ⟨z⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||||
fricative | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | x ⟨ḫ⟩ | |||||||
approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||||
trill | ʀ ⟨r⟩ |
Vowels
editAymara
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | |||||
plosive, affricate |
tenuis | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | q ⟨q⟩ | ||
aspirated | pʰ ⟨ph⟩ | tʰ ⟨th⟩ | t͡ʃʰ ⟨chh⟩ | kʰ ⟨kh⟩ | qʰ ⟨qh⟩ | |||
ejective | pʼ ⟨p'⟩ | tʼ ⟨t'⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨ch'⟩ | kʼ ⟨k'⟩ | qʼ ⟨q'⟩ | |||
fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | χ ⟨x⟩ | h ⟨j⟩ | |||||
approximant | central | w ⟨w⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | |||||
lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | ʎ ⟨ll⟩ | ||||||
tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ |
Vowels
editChinese
editConsonants
editbilabial | labiodental | alveolar | retroflex | velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
plosive, affricate |
plain | p | t | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | k | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡sʰ | ʈ͡ʂʰ | kʰ | ||
fricative | f | s | ʂ | x | |||
approximant | l | ɻ |
Vowels
editfront | central | back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
close | i | y | u | |
mid | ə | |||
open | ä |
Tones
editlevel | ˥ | ||
---|---|---|---|
contour | ˧˥ | ˨˩˦ | ˥˩ |
Egyptian
editConsonants
editbilabial | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | pharyngeal | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | |||||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ṯ⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ||||
ejective | tʼ ⟨d⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩ | cʼ ⟨g⟩ | kʼ ⟨q⟩ | |||||
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | ||||||||
fricative | ɸ ⟨f⟩ | θ ⟨z⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ç ⟨ḫ⟩ | x ⟨š⟩ | ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||
approximant | l ⟨ꜣ⟩ | j ⟨j⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩ | |||||
tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ |
bilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | pharyngeal | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ||||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ṯ⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | |||
ejective | tʼ ⟨d⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩ | cʼ ⟨g⟩ | kʼ ⟨q⟩ | ||||
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | |||||||
fricative | ɸ ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨z s⟩ | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | x ⟨ḫ ẖ⟩ | ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||
approximant | l ⟨ꜣ⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩ | ||||
tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ |
bilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | pharyngeal | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ||||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t ṱ⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ḏ ṯ⟩ | c ⟨g k⟩ | k ⟨q k⟩ | ||
ejective | tʼ ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩ | cʼ ⟨g⟩ | kʼ ⟨q⟩ | ||||
fricative | ɸ ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | ç ⟨ḫ h̭⟩ | x ⟨ẖ⟩ | ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | |
approximant | β ⟨b⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩ | |||
tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ |
bilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨ⲙ⟩ | n ⟨ⲛ⟩ | |||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | p ⟨ⲡ ⲫ⟩ | t ⟨ⲧ ⲑ⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ϫ ϭ⟩ | c ⟨ϭ⟩ | k ⟨ⲕ ⲭ⟩ | |
ejective | tʼ ⟨ⲧ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨ϫ⟩ | kʼ ⟨ⲕ⟩ | ||||
fricative | ɸ ⟨ϥ⟩ | s ⟨ⲥ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ϣ⟩ | x ⟨ϧ ⳉ⟩ | h ⟨ϩ⟩ | ||
approximant | β ⟨ⲃ⟩ | l ⟨ⲗ⟩ | j ⟨ⲉⲓ⟩ | w ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩ | |||
tap | ɾ ⟨ⲣ⟩ |
bilabial | labiodental | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨ⲙ⟩ | n ⟨ⲛ⟩ | ||||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | t ⟨ⲑ⟩ | k ⟨ⲕ ⲭ⟩ | |||||
voiced | b ⟨ⲡ ⲫ⟩ | d ⟨ⲧ⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨ϫ⟩ | |||||
fricative | f ⟨ϥ⟩ | s ⟨ⲥ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ϣ ϭ⟩ | x ⟨ϧ⟩ | h ⟨ϩ⟩ | |||
approximant | l ⟨ⲗ⟩ | j ⟨ⲓ⟩ | w ⟨ⲃ ⲟⲩ⟩ | |||||
trill | r ⟨ⲣ⟩ |
Vowels
editfront | back | |
---|---|---|
close | i | u |
open | a |
front | central | back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
close | i | |||
close-mid | e | ø | o | |
mid | ə | |||
open | a |
front | central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
close | i ⟨ⲉⲓ⟩ | u ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩ | |
close-mid | e ⟨ⲏ⟩ | o ⟨ⲱ⟩ | |
mid | ə ⟨ⲉ⟩ | ||
open-mid | ɛ ⟨ⲉ⟩ | ɔ ⟨ⲟ⟩ | |
open | a ⟨ⲁ⟩ |
front | back | |
---|---|---|
close | i ⟨ⲏ ⲓ⟩ | u ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩ |
close-mid | o ⟨ⲟ ⲱ⟩ | |
open | a ⟨ⲁ ⲉ ⲏ⟩ |
English
editConsonants
editbilabial | labiodental | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
plosive, affricate |
fortis | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ||||
lenis | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||||
fricative | fortis | f | θ | s | ʃ | h | |||
lenis | v | ð | z | ʒ | |||||
approximant | w | l | ɹ | j |
Vowels
editfront | central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
close | i | u | |
near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
close-mid | e | ||
mid | ə | o̞ | |
open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
near-open | æ | ɐ | |
open | ä |
Georgian
editConsonants
editbilabial | labiodental | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | velar | uvular | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨მ⟩ | n ⟨ნ⟩ | |||||||
plosive, affricate |
aspirated | pʰ ⟨ფ⟩ | tʰ ⟨თ⟩ | t͡sʰ ⟨ც⟩ | t͡ʃʰ ⟨ჩ⟩ | kʰ ⟨ქ⟩ | |||
ejective | pʼ ⟨პ⟩ | tʼ ⟨ტ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨წ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨ჭ⟩ | kʼ ⟨კ⟩ | qʼ ⟨ყ⟩ | |||
voiced | b ⟨ბ⟩ | d ⟨დ⟩ | d͡z ⟨ძ⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨ჯ⟩ | ɡ ⟨გ⟩ | ||||
fricative | voiceless | s ⟨ს⟩ | ʃ ⟨შ⟩ | x ⟨ხ⟩ | h ⟨ჰ⟩ | ||||
voiced | v ⟨ვ⟩ | z ⟨ზ⟩ | ʒ ⟨ჟ⟩ | ɣ ⟨ღ⟩ | |||||
approximant | l ⟨ლ⟩ | ||||||||
tap | ɾ ⟨რ⟩ |
Vowels
editfront | back | |
---|---|---|
close | i ⟨ი⟩ | u ⟨უ⟩ |
open-mid | ɛ ⟨ე⟩ | ɔ ⟨ო⟩ |
open | ɑ ⟨ა⟩ |
Greek
editConsonants
editbilabial | dental | alveolar | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨Μ⟩ | n ⟨Ν⟩ | ||||
plosive | tenuis | p ⟨Π⟩ | t ⟨Τ⟩ | k ⟨Κ⟩ | ||
aspirated | pʰ ⟨Φ⟩ | tʰ ⟨Θ⟩ | kʰ ⟨Χ⟩ | |||
voiced | b ⟨Β⟩ | d ⟨Δ⟩ | ɡ ⟨Γ⟩ | |||
fricative | s ⟨Σ⟩ | h | ||||
approximant | l ⟨Λ⟩ | |||||
trill | r ⟨Ρ⟩ |
Vowels
editHawaiian
editConsonants
editbilabial | labiodental | alveolar | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ||||
plosive | p ⟨p⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʻ⟩ | |||
fricative | h ⟨h⟩ | |||||
approximant | ʋ ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ |
Vowels
editHebrew
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | pharyngeal | glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | ||||||||
nasal | m ⟨𐤌⟩ | n ⟨𐤍⟩ | |||||||
plosive | voiceless | p ⟨𐤐⟩ | t ⟨𐤕⟩ | k ⟨𐤊⟩ | ʔ ⟨𐤀⟩ | ||||
emphatic | tˤ ⟨𐤈⟩ | kˤ ⟨𐤒⟩ | |||||||
voiced | b ⟨𐤁⟩ | d ⟨𐤃⟩ | ɡ ⟨𐤂⟩ | ||||||
fricative | voiceless | s ⟨𐤎⟩ | ɬ ⟨𐤔⟩ | ʃ ⟨𐤔⟩ | x ⟨𐤇⟩ | ħ ⟨𐤇⟩ | h ⟨𐤄⟩ | ||
emphatic | sˤ ⟨𐤑⟩ | ||||||||
voiced | z ⟨𐤆⟩ | ɣ ⟨𐤏⟩ | ʕ ⟨𐤏⟩ | ||||||
approximant | w ⟨𐤅⟩ | l ⟨𐤋⟩ | j ⟨𐤉⟩ | ||||||
trill | r ⟨𐤓⟩ |
Vowels
editJapanese
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m | n | ||||
plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
fricative | voiceless | s | h | |||
voiced | z | |||||
approximant | w | j | ||||
liquid | ɾ |
nasal | ɴ |
---|---|
geminate | ꞯ |
Vowels
editKʼicheʼ
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | |||||||
plosive, affricate |
plain | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡s ⟨tz⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | q ⟨q⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ | |
glottalic | ɓ ⟨bʼ⟩ | tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩ | t͡sʼ ⟨tzʼ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ | kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩ | qʼ ⟨qʼ⟩ | |||
fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | χ ⟨j⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | |||||
approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||||
trill | r ⟨r⟩ |
Vowels
editKorean
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨ㅁ⟩ | n ⟨ㄴ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ㆁ⟩ | ||||
plosive, affricate |
plain | p ⟨ㅂ⟩ | t ⟨ㄷ⟩ | t͡s ⟨ㅈ⟩ | k ⟨ㄱ⟩ | ||
aspirated | pʰ ⟨ㅍ⟩ | tʰ ⟨ㅌ⟩ | t͡sʰ ⟨ㅊ⟩ | kʰ ⟨ㅋ⟩ | |||
fricative | plain | s ⟨ㅅ⟩ | h ⟨ㅎ⟩ | ||||
tense | s͈ ⟨ㅆ⟩ | h͈ ⟨ㆅ⟩ | |||||
voiced | β ⟨ㅸ⟩ | z ⟨ㅿ⟩ | ɣ ⟨ㅇ⟩ | ||||
approximant | w | j | |||||
liquid | ɾ ⟨ㄹ⟩ |
bilabial | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨ㅁ⟩ | n ⟨ㄴ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ㅇ⟩ | |||
plosive, affricate |
plain | p ⟨ㅂ⟩ | t ⟨ㄷ⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨ㅈ⟩ | k ⟨ㄱ⟩ | |
tense | p͈ ⟨ㅃ⟩ | t͈ ⟨ㄸ⟩ | t͡ɕ͈ ⟨ㅉ⟩ | k͈ ⟨ㄲ⟩ | ||
aspirated | pʰ ⟨ㅍ⟩ | tʰ ⟨ㅌ⟩ | t͡ɕʰ ⟨ㅊ⟩ | kʰ ⟨ㅋ⟩ | ||
fricative | plain | s ⟨ㅅ⟩ | h ⟨ㅎ⟩ | |||
tense | s͈ ⟨ㅆ⟩ | |||||
approximant | w | j | ɰ | |||
liquid | ɾ ⟨ㄹ⟩ |
Vowels
editfront | central | back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
close | i ⟨ㅣ⟩ | ɨ ⟨ㅡ⟩ | u ⟨ㅜ⟩ | |
close-mid | ɘ ⟨ㅓ⟩ | o ⟨ㅗ⟩ | ||
open-mid | ʌ ⟨ㆍ⟩ | |||
near-open | ɐ ⟨ㅏ⟩ |
front | central | back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
close | i ⟨ㅣ⟩ | y ⟨ㅟ⟩ | ɯ ⟨ㅡ⟩ | u ⟨ㅜ⟩ | |
close-mid | e ⟨ㅔ⟩ | ø ⟨ㅚ⟩ | o ⟨ㅗ⟩ | ||
open-mid | ɛ ⟨ㅐ⟩ | ʌ ⟨ㅓ⟩ | |||
near-open | ɐ ⟨ㅏ⟩ |
front | central | back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
close | iː ⟨ㅣ⟩ | yː ⟨ㅟ⟩ | ɯː ⟨ㅡ⟩ | uː ⟨ㅜ⟩ | |
close-mid | eː ⟨ㅔ⟩ | øː ⟨ㅚ⟩ | ɘː ⟨ㅓ⟩ | oː ⟨ㅗ⟩ | |
open-mid | ɛː ⟨ㅐ⟩ | ||||
near-open | ɐː ⟨ㅏ⟩ |
Tones
editlevel | ́ ⟨〮⟩ | ̀ |
---|---|---|
contour | ̌ ⟨〯⟩ |
Latin
editConsonants
editbilabial | labiodental | dental | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labialized | ||||||||
nasal | m ⟨M⟩ | n ⟨N⟩ | |||||||
plosive | voiceless | p ⟨P⟩ | t ⟨T⟩ | k ⟨C K⟩ | kʷ ⟨QV⟩ | ||||
voiced | b ⟨B⟩ | d ⟨D⟩ | ɡ ⟨G⟩ | ɡʷ ⟨GV⟩ | |||||
fricative | f ⟨F⟩ | s ⟨S⟩ | h ⟨H⟩ | ||||||
approximant | l ⟨L⟩ | j ⟨I⟩ | w ⟨V⟩ | ||||||
trill | r ⟨R⟩ |
Vowels
editMaltese
editConsonants
editbilabial | labiodental | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | pharyngeal | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ||||||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡s ⟨z⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ċ⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ʔ ⟨q⟩ | |||
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨ġ⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | ||||||
fricative | voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | ħ ⟨ħ⟩ | |||||
voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨ż⟩ | ||||||||
approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨j⟩ | |||||||
trill | r ⟨r⟩ |
Vowels
editNahuatl
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | plain | labialized | |||||
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ||||||
plosive | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ⟨c qu⟩ | kʷ ⟨cu uc⟩ | ʔ ⟨h⟩ | |||
affricate | t͡s ⟨tz⟩ | t͡ɬ ⟨tl⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | |||||
fricative | s ⟨c z⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | ||||||
approximant | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨hu uh⟩ |
Vowels
editPhoenician
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | pharyngeal | glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨𐤌⟩ | n ⟨𐤍⟩ | |||||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | p ⟨𐤐⟩ | t ⟨𐤕⟩ | t͡s ⟨𐤎⟩ | k ⟨𐤊⟩ | ʔ ⟨𐤀⟩ | |||
emphatic | tˤ ⟨𐤈⟩ | t͡sˤ ⟨𐤑⟩ | kˤ ⟨𐤒⟩ | ||||||
voiced | b ⟨𐤁⟩ | d ⟨𐤃⟩ | d͡z ⟨𐤆⟩ | ɡ ⟨𐤂⟩ | |||||
fricative | ʃ ⟨𐤔⟩ | ħ ⟨𐤇⟩ | h ⟨𐤄⟩ | ||||||
approximant | w ⟨𐤅⟩ | l ⟨𐤋⟩ | j ⟨𐤉⟩ | ʕ ⟨𐤏⟩ | |||||
trill | r ⟨𐤓⟩ |
Vowels
editSumerian
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ŋ ⟨ĝ⟩ | |||||
plosive, affricate |
plain | p ⟨b⟩ | t ⟨d⟩ | t͡s ⟨z⟩ | k ⟨g⟩ | ʔ | ||
aspirated | pʰ ⟨p⟩ | tʰ ⟨t⟩ | t͡sʰ ⟨ř⟩ | kʰ ⟨k⟩ | ||||
fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | x ⟨ḫ⟩ | h | ||||
approximant | l ⟨l⟩ | j | ||||||
tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ |
Vowels
editTagalog
editConsonants
editbilabial | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨ᜋ⟩ | n ⟨ᜈ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ᜅ⟩ | |||
plosive | voiceless | p ⟨ᜉ⟩ | t ⟨ᜆ⟩ | k ⟨ᜃ⟩ | ʔ | |
voiced | b ⟨ᜊ⟩ | d ⟨ᜇ⟩ | ɡ ⟨ᜄ⟩ | |||
fricative | s ⟨ᜐ⟩ | h ⟨ᜑ⟩ | ||||
approximant | w ⟨ᜏ⟩ | l ⟨ᜎ⟩ | j ⟨ᜌ⟩ |
bilabial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ʔ | |
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||
fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||||
approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||
rhotic | ɾ ⟨r⟩ |
Vowels
editfront | central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
close | i | u | |
open | ä |
front | central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
close | i ⟨i⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | |
mid | e̞ ⟨e⟩ | o̞ ⟨o⟩ | |
open | ä ⟨a⟩ |
Thai
editConsonants
editbilabial | labiodental | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
plosive, affricate |
tenuis | p | t | t͡ɕ | k | ʔ | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡ɕʰ | kʰ | |||
voiced | b | d | |||||
fricative | f | s | h | ||||
approximant | w | l | j | ||||
trill | r |
Vowels
editfront | central | back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
close | i | ɯ | u | |
mid | e̞ | ɤ̞ | o̞ | |
near-open | æ | ɔ̞ | ||
open | ä |
front | central | back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
close | iː | ɯː | uː | |
mid | e̞ | ɤ̞ː | o̞ː | |
near-open | æː | ɔ̞ː | ||
open | äː |
Tones
editlevel | ˧ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
contour | ˨˩ | ˥˩ | ˦˥ | ˨˦ |
Ugaritic
editConsonants
editbilabial | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | pharyngeal | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nasal | m ⟨𐎎⟩ | n ⟨𐎐⟩ | |||||||
plosive | voiceless | p ⟨𐎔⟩ | t ⟨𐎚⟩ | k ⟨𐎋⟩ | ʔ | ||||
emphatic | tˤ ⟨𐎉⟩ | kˤ ⟨𐎖⟩ | |||||||
voiced | b ⟨𐎁⟩ | d ⟨𐎄⟩ | ɡ ⟨𐎂⟩ | ||||||
fricative | voiceless | θ ⟨𐎘⟩ | s ⟨𐎒⟩ | ʃ ⟨𐎌⟩ | x ⟨𐎃⟩ | ħ ⟨𐎈⟩ | h ⟨𐎅⟩ | ||
emphatic | θˤ ⟨𐎑⟩ | sˤ ⟨𐎕⟩ | |||||||
voiced | ð ⟨𐎏⟩ | z ⟨𐎇⟩ | ɣ ⟨𐎙⟩ | ʕ ⟨𐎓⟩ | |||||
approximant | w ⟨𐎆⟩ | l ⟨𐎍⟩ | j ⟨𐎊⟩ | ||||||
trill | r ⟨𐎗⟩ |
Vowels
editYoruba
editConsonants
editbilabial | labiodental | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labial | ||||||||
nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | ŋ ⟨n⟩ | |||||||
plosive, affricate |
voiceless | t ⟨t⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | k͡p ⟨p⟩ | |||||
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩ | ||||
fricative | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨ṣ⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | |||||
approximant | l ⟨l n⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | ||||||
tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ |
Vowels
editfront | central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
close | i ⟨i⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | |
close-mid | e ⟨e⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | |
open-mid | ɛ ⟨ẹ⟩ | ɔ ⟨ọ⟩ | |
open | ä ⟨a⟩ |
Tones
editlevel | ́ ⟨́⟩ | ̄ | ̀ ⟨̀⟩ |
---|
References
editChinese
edit- Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007) The Sounds of Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
Egyptian
edit- Worrell, William H. (1937) “Popular Traditions of the Coptic Language”, in The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures[1], volume 54, number 1/4, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pages 1–11
- Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary[2], Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
- Isḥāḳ, Emile Māher (1975) The phonetics and phonology of the Boḥairic dialect of Coptic and the survival of Coptic words in the colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic grammatical constructions in colloquial Egyptian Arabic (doctoral thesis), Oxford: University of Oxford
- Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
- Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN
- Atiya, Aziz Suryal, editor (1991), The Coptic Encyclopedia[3], New York: Macmillan, →ISBN
- Hoch, James E. (1994) Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN
- Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
- Peust, Carsten (1999) Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language[4], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR
- Peust, Carsten (2008) “On Consonant Frequency in Egyptian and Other Languages”, in Lingua Aegyptia[5], volume 16, Hamburg: Widmaier Verlag, pages 105–134
- Allen, James P. (2013) The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
- Allen, James P. (2020) Ancient Egyptian Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
Georgian
edit- Shosted, Ryan K., Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006) “Standard Georgian”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association[6], volume 36, number 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 255–264
Hawaiian
edit- Elbert, Samuel H., Pukui, Mary Kawena (1979) Hawaiian Grammar, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN
- Parker Jones, ʻŌiwi (2018) “Hawaiian”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association[7], volume 48, number 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 103–115
Kʼicheʼ
edit- Larsen, Thomas W. (1988) Manifestations of Ergativity in Quiché Grammar[8] (doctoral dissertation), Berkeley: University of California
Korean
edit- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999) “Korean”, in Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet[9], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 120–123
- Lee, Ki-Moon, Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
Maltese
edit- Lucas, Christopher, Čéplö, Slavomír (2020) “Maltese”, in Arabic and contact-induced change[10], Berlin: Language Science Press, →ISBN, pages 265–302
Sumerian
edit- Jagersma, Bram (2010) A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian[11] (doctoral thesis)