ante AD 210, Sextus Empiricus (author), August Immanuel Bekker (editor), R.G. Bury (translator), Πρὸς μαθηματικούς in Sextus Empiricus, with an English translation…in four volumes, Loeb Classical Library, volume IV: Against the professors (1949), American →ISBN, British →ISBN, book ʹΑ: Πρὸς γραμματικούς, chapter ʹΕ: Περὶ τοῦ τεχνικοῦ τῆς γραμματικῆς μέρους, § 103 (page 60):
Moreover, of the consonants again in general they say that some are naturally “rough” (or aspirated), others “smooth” (or without the aspirate), the “rough” beingθ φ χ, and the “smooth”κ π τ; andρalone, they say, admits of either breathing, the “rough” or the “smooth.” They declare also that some of the consonants are “twofold,” such asζ ξ ψ; forζ, they say, is composed ofσandδ, ξofκandσ, ψofπandσ. — translation from the same source, page 61
ante AD 210, Sextus Empiricus (author), August Immanuel Bekker (editor), R.G. Bury (translator), Πρὸς μαθηματικούς in Sextus Empiricus, with an English translation…in four volumes, Loeb Classical Library, volume IV: Against the professors (1949), American →ISBN, British →ISBN, book ʹΑ: Πρὸς γραμματικούς, chapter ʹΕ: Περὶ τοῦ τεχνικοῦ τῆς γραμματικῆς μέρους, § 106 (page 62):
But the character is not of itself indicative of an element naturally “common,” for it does not show clearly that it is long or that it is short or that it is at once both long and short; but just as it is not known about the syllable formed by it,— as we said in the case of the wordἎρες — whether it is long or short apart from the added tension, so also the lettersα ιandυtaken by themselves will not be “common” and having either quantity, but will have neither. — translation from the same source, page 63
ante AD 210, Sextus Empiricus (author), August Immanuel Bekker (editor), R.G. Bury (translator), Πρὸς μαθηματικούς in Sextus Empiricus, with an English translation…in four volumes, Loeb Classical Library, volume IV: Against the professors (1949), American →ISBN, British →ISBN, book ʹΑ: Πρὸς γραμματικούς, chapter ʹΕ: Περὶ τοῦ τεχνικοῦ τῆς γραμματικῆς μέρους, § 107 (page 62):
It remains, then, to say that the letter is “common” when conjoined with tension. But this again is impossible; for when the letter takes the tension it becomes either long, when the tension is long, or short when it is short, but never “common.” Hence, elements “dichronous” by nature do not exist. — translation from the same source, page 63
ante AD 210, Sextus Empiricus (author), August Immanuel Bekker (editor), R.G. Bury (translator), Πρὸς μαθηματικούς in Sextus Empiricus, with an English translation…in four volumes, Loeb Classical Library, volume IV: Against the professors (1949), American →ISBN, British →ISBN, book ʹΑ: Πρὸς γραμματικούς, chapter ʹΕ: Περὶ τοῦ τεχνικοῦ τῆς γραμματικῆς μέρους, § 109 (page 64):
And for this reason it is impossible for a circumflexed letter to be short, since the lengthening necessarily co-exists with the circumflex. — translation from the same source, page 65
ante AD 210, Sextus Empiricus (author), August Immanuel Bekker (editor), R.G. Bury (translator), Πρὸς μαθηματικούς in Sextus Empiricus, with an English translation…in four volumes, Loeb Classical Library, volume IV: Against the professors (1949), American →ISBN, British →ISBN, book ʹΑ: Πρὸς γραμματικούς, chapter ʹΕ: Περὶ τοῦ τεχνικοῦ τῆς γραμματικῆς μέρους, § 111 (page 64):
Let the same method of attack be employed in the case of the elements which are “smooth” or “rough,” or “common,” as taking either breathing. We content ourselves here with merely indicating the kind of the attack. — translation from the same source, page 65
ante AD 210, Sextus Empiricus (author), August Immanuel Bekker (editor), R.G. Bury (translator), Πρὸς μαθηματικούς in Sextus Empiricus, with an English translation…in four volumes, Loeb Classical Library, volume IV: Against the professors (1949), American →ISBN, British →ISBN, book ʹΑ: Πρὸς γραμματικούς, chapter ʹΕ: Περὶ τοῦ τεχνικοῦ τῆς γραμματικῆς μέρους, § 113 (page 66):
But since the School of Grammarians have assumed that there are not only two tensions, the long and the short, but also the acute, the grave, the circumflex, the rough and the smooth, each of the vowels indicated having some one of these tensions peculiar to itself will become an element; and just as we found that an element was never “common” in respect of length and brevity but was either long only, when it had the long tension added, or short when it had the short, so, by the same reasoning, an element will never be “common” in respect of acuteness and gravity, but will be acute only, when it has received the acute added, or grave, when it has received the grave. So also with the others. Since, then, the short elements, being two, admit of five tensions apiece,— the short, the acute, the grave, the rough and the smooth,— they will become ten. — translation from the same source, page 67
ante AD 210, Sextus Empiricus (author), August Immanuel Bekker (editor), R.G. Bury (translator), Πρὸς μαθηματικούς in Sextus Empiricus, with an English translation…in four volumes, Loeb Classical Library, volume IV: Against the professors (1949), American →ISBN, British →ISBN, book ʹΑ: Πρὸς γραμματικούς, chapter ʹΕ: Περὶ τοῦ τεχνικοῦ τῆς γραμματικῆς μέρους, § 114 (page 66):
The long ones, again, which are two, if they receive the further addition of the circumflex,— for these elements can naturally take the circumflex as their own special tension as well as the long, the acute, the grave, the rough and the smooth,— will become twelve. — translation from the same source, page 67
ante AD 210, Sextus Empiricus (author), August Immanuel Bekker (editor), R.G. Bury (translator), Πρὸς μαθηματικούς in Sextus Empiricus, with an English translation…in four volumes, Loeb Classical Library, volume IV: Against the professors (1949), American →ISBN, British →ISBN, book ʹϚ: Πρὸς μουσικούς, §§ 41–42 (page 392):
Whenever, then, the sound is expelled evenly and at one “tension” (or “pitch”), so that there is no diversion of the sense towards the “grave” or the “sharp,” then such a sound is called a “note,” and so the Musicians say in their definitions “A note is the fall under one tension of a musical sound.” — translation from the same source, page 393