User:Justinrleung/Wenchang phonology
Initials edit
| Hainanese Transliteration Scheme | Example | Chen (2008) | Fu (2007) | Huang & Feng (1993) | Woon (1987) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | 波 | /ʔb/ | /ʔb/ | /ʔb/[1] | /ɓ/ |
| p | 坡 | /pʰ/, [pɸʰ ~ pfʰ ~ ɸ ~ f][2] | /pʰ/[2] | /ɸ/ | /f/, [ɸ] |
| m | 摩 | /m/ | /m/ | /m/ | /m/ |
| v | 無 | /b/[3] | /b/ | /b/ | /b/ |
| d | 裝 | /t/ | /t/ | /t/ | /t/ |
| dd | 刀 | /ʔd/ | /ʔd/ | /ʔd/[1][4] | /ɗ/ |
| dh | 你 | /d/ | /d/ | /d/ | /d/ |
| n | 挪 | /n/ | /n/ | /n/ | /n/ |
| l | 羅 | /l/ | /l/ | /l/[5] | /l/ |
| g | 哥 | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ | /k/ |
| gh | 餓 | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/[6] | /ɡ/[6] |
| ng | 俄 | /ŋ/ | /ŋ/ | /ŋ/[7] | /ŋ/ |
| h | 可 | /x/ | /x/ | /x/ | /h/ |
| hh | 號 | /ɦ/, [ɦ ~ h][8] | /h/, [ɦ] | /h/ | /ɦ/[9] |
| z | 支 | /ts/, [tɕ] | /ts/ | /ts/ | /tɕ/ |
| s | 妻 | /s/, [ɕ] | /s/ | /s/ | /ɕ/ |
| y | 余 | /dz/, [dʑ ~ z] | /z/ | /z/ | /dʑ/ |
| - | 荷 | /∅/,[10] [ʔ] | /∅/,[11] [ʔ] | /∅/,[12] [ʔ] | /ʔ/ |
Finals edit
Under construction
Tones edit
| Hainanese Transliteration Scheme | Example | Chen (2008) | Fu (2007) | Huang & Feng (1993) | Woon (1987) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 詩 | 1 陰平 | /˧/[13] | 陰平 | /˧˦/ | 1 陰平 | /˨˦/ | 陰平 | /˦/ | |
| 2 | 時 | 2 陽平 | /˨/[14] | 陽平 | /˨/ | 2 陽平 | /˨/ | 陽平 | /˧/ | |
| 3 | 死 | 3 上聲 | /˧˩/[15] | 陰上 | /˨˩/ | 3 陰上 | /˨˩/ | 上聲 | /˨˩/[16] | |
| 4 | 四 | 5 陰去 (白) | /˩/[17] | 陰去 | /˩/ | 5 陰去 | /˩/ | 去聲 | /˩/ | |
| 5 | 是 | 6 陽去 (白) | /˦˨/[18] | 陽上 | /˦˨/ | 4 陽上 | /˦˨/ | (merged with 陽入) | ||
| 6 | 視 | 5’ × 6’ 混合去聲 (白) 4 去聲 (文) |
/˥˧/[19] | 混入 | /˥˧/ | 6 陽去 | /˥˩/ | 陰入 | /˥˩/[20] | |
| 7 | -b, -d, -g | 失 | 7 陰入 (白) 5 入聲 (文) |
/˥/ | 陰入 | /˥/ | 7 陰入 | /˥/ | ||
| -h | 隻 | /˥˧/ | (merged with 6) | |||||||
| 8 | -b, -d, -g | 實 | 8 陽入 (白) | /˧/ | 陽入 | /˧/ | 8 陽入 | /˧/ | 陽入 | /˦˨/[20] |
| -h | 屐 | /˦˨/ | (merged with 4) | |||||||
Notes edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 ʔ actually written as ?.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Aspiration actually represented with an apostrophe.
- ^ May have some frication, like v.
- ^ The chart on page 72 writes it as ?b, but this is a typo.
- ^ Actually written as L.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Actually written as g.
- ^ Actually written as ng.
- ^ [ɦj] before /i/; [ɦw] before /u/.
- ^ [j] before /i/; [w] before /u/.
- ^ Actually written as 0̸.
- ^ Actually written as ø.
- ^ Actually written as ф.
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˦/ or /˨˦/.
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˩/ or /˧/.
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˨˩/.
- ^ Sounds like /˧˩/. Syllables must end in a glottal stop.
- ^ Some speakers from central Wenchang pronounce it as /˩˩˦/. May be recorded by others as /˨˦/
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˥˧/ (probably mixing it up with 混合去聲).
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˥˩/.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Syllables must end in a stop.
References edit
- Chen, Bo (2008). 海南方言研究. Haikou: Hainan Publishing House.
- Fu, Qiwu (2007). 琼北闽语词汇研究 (PhD dissertation). Xiamen University.
- Huang, Gugan; Feng, Chengpao (1993). 文昌方言两字组的连读变调. Humanities & Social Sciences Journal of Hainan University 1: 72–75, 95.
- Woon, Wee-Lee (1987). 海南方言. Macau: University of East Asia.