User:Maro/sandbox4
Consonants
editPhoneme | Allophones | Articulation | Examples | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
/p/ | [p] | voiceless bilabial plosive | example | notes |
[pʲ] | palatalized voiceless bilabial plosive | example | notes | |
/b/ | [b] | voiced bilabial plosive | ||
[bʲ] | palatalized voiced bilabial plosive | |||
/m/ | [m] | bilabial nasal | ||
[mʲ] | palatalized bilabial nasal | |||
[m̥] | voiceless bilabial nasal | |||
[m̥ʲ] | palatalized voiceless bilabial nasal | |||
/f/ | [f] | voiceless labiodental fricative | ||
[fʲ] | palatalized voiceless labiodental fricative | |||
/v/ | [v] | voiced labiodental fricative | ||
[vʲ] | palatalized voiced labiodental fricative | |||
/t̪/ | [t̪] | voiceless dental plosive | ||
[t̪ʲ] | palatalized voiceless dental plosive | |||
[t] | voiceless alveolar plosive | |||
/d̪/ | [d̪] | voiced dental plosive | ||
[d̪ʲ] | palatalized voiced dental plosive | |||
[d] | voiced alveolar plosive | |||
/n̪/ | [n̪] | dental nasal | ||
[n̪̊] | voiceless dental nasal | |||
[n] | alveolar nasal | |||
[n̥]/[n̊] | voiceless alveolar nasal | |||
/s̪/ | [s̪] | voiceless dental sibilant fricative | laminal | |
[s̪ʲ] | palatalized voiceless dental sibilant fricative | [kɔs̪ʲĩn̪us̪] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P) | laminal | |
/z̪/ | [z̪] | voiced dental sibilant fricative | laminal | |
[z̪ʲ] | palatalized voiced dental sibilant fricative | laminal | ||
/t͡s̪/ | [t͡s̪] | voiceless dental affricate | laminal? | |
[t͡s̪ʲ] | palatalized voiceless dental affricate | laminal? | ||
/d͡z̪/ | [d͡z̪] | voiced dental affricate | laminal? | |
/ʂ/ | [ʂ] | ? voiceless alveolar fricative | It's not retroflex but alveolar. The same as Russian /ʂ/ (ш) | |
[ʃ] | ? palatalized voiceless alveolar fricative | [xʲirɔˈʃĩma] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P) | It's palatalized, not palatal like in English. | |
/ʐ/ | [ʐ] | ? voiced alveolar fricative | It's not retroflex but alveolar. The same as Russian /ʐ/ (ж) | |
[ʒ] | ? palatalized voiced alveolar fricative | It's palatalized, not palatal like in English. | ||
/t͡ʂ/ | [t͡ʂ] | ?? voiceless alveolar affricate | It's not retroflex but alveolar. | |
[t͡ʃ] | ?? palatalized voiceless alveolar affricate | It's palatalized, not palatal like in English. | ||
/d͡ʐ/ | [d͡ʐ] | ?? voiced alveolar affricate | It's not retroflex but alveolar. | |
[d͡ʒ] | ?? palatalized voiced alveolar affricate | It's palatalized, not palatal like in English. | ||
/l/ | [l] | voiced alveolar lateral approximant | ||
[lʲ] | palatalized voiced alveolar lateral approximant | |||
[l̥] | voiceless alveolar lateral approximant | [mɨɕl̥] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P) | ||
[l̥ʲ] | palatalized voiceless alveolar lateral approximant | |||
/r/ | [r] | voiced alveolar trill | ||
[rʲ] | palatalized voiced alveolar trill | |||
[r̥] | voiceless alveolar alveolar trill | [ˈt̪ɛat̪r̥] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P) | ||
[r̥ʲ] | palatalized voiceless alveolar trill | |||
/ɕ/ | [ɕ] | voiceless alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) fricative | ||
/ʑ/ | [ʑ] | voiced alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) fricative | ||
/t͡ɕ/ | [t͡ɕ] | voiceless alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) affricate | ||
/d͡ʑ/ | [d͡ʑ] | voiced alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) affricate | ||
/ɲ/ | [ɲ] | voiced prepalatal nasal | ||
[ɲ̊] | voiceless prepalatal nasal | |||
[ĩ̯]/[j̃] | voiced prepalatal nasal approximant | |||
/j/ | [j] | voiced prepalatal approximant | ||
/c/ | [c] | voiceless postpalatal plosive | ||
/ɟ/ | [ɟ] | voiced postpalatal plosive | ||
/k/ | [k] | voiceless velar plosive | ||
/ɡ/ | [ɡ] | voiced velar plosive | ||
/x/ | [x] | voiceless velar fricative | ||
[xʲ] | palatalized voiceless velar fricative | [xʲis̪t̪ɔˈrɨt͡ʂn̪ɨ] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P) | ||
[ɣ] | voiced velar fricative | |||
[ɣʲ] | palatalized voiced velar fricative | rare | ||
/w/ | [w] | voiced labio-velar approximant | ||
[w̥] | voiceless labio-velar approximant | |||
[wʲ] | palatalized voiced labio-velar approximant | |||
/w̃/ | [w̃] | nasal labio-velar approximant | Also occurs in Portugese. | |
[ŋ] | voiced velar nasal | |||
[ŋ̊] | voiceless velar nasal | |||
[ŋʲ] | palatalized voiced velar nasal | |||
[ŋ̊ʲ] | palatalized voiceless velar nasal |
Vowels
editPhoneme | Allophones | Articulation | Examples | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
/a/ | [a] | low central unrounded vowel | example | /a/ is always central in Polish. Actually, the correct symbol for this should be ӓ invalid IPA characters (ӓ), but there could be problems to display nasalized ӓ̃ invalid IPA characters (ӓ) (dots and tilde above) in some fonts. |
[ã] | nasalized low central unrounded vowel | [1] | ||
[ɐ] | raised low central vowel | [2] | ||
[ɐ̃] | nasalized raised low central vowel | [1] | ||
/ɛ/ | [ɛ] | low-mid front unrounded vowel | ||
[ɛ̃] | nasalized low-mid front unrounded vowel | [1] | ||
[ɛ̝] | raised low-mid front unrounded vowel | [2] | ||
[ɛ̝̃] | nasalized raised low-mid front unrounded vowel | [1] | ||
/i/ | [i] | high front unrounded vowel | ||
[ĩ] | nasalized high front unrounded vowel | [1] | ||
/ɔ/ | [ɔ] | low-mid back rounded vowel | ||
[ɔ̃] | nasalized low-mid back rounded vowel | [1] | ||
[ɔ̝] | raised low-mid back rounded vowel | [2] | ||
[ɔ̝̃] | nasalized raised low-mid back rounded vowel | [1] | ||
/u/ | [u] | high back rounded vowel | ||
[ũ] | nasalized high back rounded vowel | [1] | ||
[u̝] | raised high back rounded vowel | [2] | ||
[ũ̝] | nasalized raised high back rounded vowel | [1] | ||
/ɨ̞/ | [ɨ] | lowered high near-central unrounded vowel | something between /ɪ/ and /ɨ/ (see vowel diagram below) | |
[ɨ̃] | nasalized lowered high near-central unrounded vowel | [1] |
Other symbols
editSymbol | Articulation | Examples | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
ʔ | glottal stop | [ʔaˈxa] ("aha"), [ɲɛʔ] ("nie"), [ˈfʔĩn̪ːɨ̃m] ("w innym") as opposite to [ˈvʲĩn̪ːɨ̃m] ("winnym") |
Not a phoneme, but it can be heard in some words, especially interjections or in the word boundary. |
ˈ | stress mark | ||
ː | geminate or long vowel | not used for plosives! | |
‿ | undertie | used to represent linking on word boundary |