User:Maro/sandbox4

Consonants edit

Phoneme	Allophones	Articulation	Examples	Notes
/p/	[p]	voiceless bilabial plosive	example	notes
/p/	[pʲ]	palatalized voiceless bilabial plosive	example	notes
/b/	[b]	voiced bilabial plosive
/b/	[bʲ]	palatalized voiced bilabial plosive
/m/	[m]	bilabial nasal
	[mʲ]	palatalized bilabial nasal
	[m̥]	voiceless bilabial nasal
	[m̥ʲ]	palatalized voiceless bilabial nasal
/f/	[f]	voiceless labiodental fricative
/f/	[fʲ]	palatalized voiceless labiodental fricative
/v/	[v]	voiced labiodental fricative
/v/	[vʲ]	palatalized voiced labiodental fricative
/t̪/	[t̪]	voiceless dental plosive
	[t̪ʲ]	palatalized voiceless dental plosive
	[t]	voiceless alveolar plosive
/d̪/	[d̪]	voiced dental plosive
	[d̪ʲ]	palatalized voiced dental plosive
	[d]	voiced alveolar plosive
/n̪/	[n̪]	dental nasal
	[n̪̊]	voiceless dental nasal
	[n]	alveolar nasal
	[n̥]/[n̊]	voiceless alveolar nasal
/s̪/	[s̪]	voiceless dental sibilant fricative		laminal
/s̪/	[s̪ʲ]	palatalized voiceless dental sibilant fricative	[kɔs̪ʲĩn̪us̪] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P)	laminal
/z̪/	[z̪]	voiced dental sibilant fricative		laminal
/z̪/	[z̪ʲ]	palatalized voiced dental sibilant fricative		laminal
/t͡s̪/	[t͡s̪]	voiceless dental affricate		laminal?
/t͡s̪/	[t͡s̪ʲ]	palatalized voiceless dental affricate		laminal?
/d͡z̪/	[d͡z̪]	voiced dental affricate		laminal?
/ʂ/	[ʂ]	? voiceless alveolar fricative		It's not retroflex but alveolar. The same as Russian /ʂ/ (ш)
/ʂ/	[ʃ]	? palatalized voiceless alveolar fricative	[xʲirɔˈʃĩma] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P)	It's palatalized, not palatal like in English.
/ʐ/	[ʐ]	? voiced alveolar fricative		It's not retroflex but alveolar. The same as Russian /ʐ/ (ж)
/ʐ/	[ʒ]	? palatalized voiced alveolar fricative		It's palatalized, not palatal like in English.
/t͡ʂ/	[t͡ʂ]	?? voiceless alveolar affricate		It's not retroflex but alveolar.
/t͡ʂ/	[t͡ʃ]	?? palatalized voiceless alveolar affricate		It's palatalized, not palatal like in English.
/d͡ʐ/	[d͡ʐ]	?? voiced alveolar affricate		It's not retroflex but alveolar.
/d͡ʐ/	[d͡ʒ]	?? palatalized voiced alveolar affricate		It's palatalized, not palatal like in English.
/l/	[l]	voiced alveolar lateral approximant
	[lʲ]	palatalized voiced alveolar lateral approximant
	[l̥]	voiceless alveolar lateral approximant	[mɨɕl̥] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P)
	[l̥ʲ]	palatalized voiceless alveolar lateral approximant
/r/	[r]	voiced alveolar trill
	[rʲ]	palatalized voiced alveolar trill
	[r̥]	voiceless alveolar alveolar trill	[ˈt̪ɛat̪r̥] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P)
	[r̥ʲ]	palatalized voiceless alveolar trill
/ɕ/	[ɕ]	voiceless alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) fricative
/ʑ/	[ʑ]	voiced alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) fricative
/t͡ɕ/	[t͡ɕ]	voiceless alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) affricate
/d͡ʑ/	[d͡ʑ]	voiced alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) affricate
/ɲ/	[ɲ]	voiced prepalatal nasal
	[ɲ̊]	voiceless prepalatal nasal
	[ĩ̯]/[j̃]	voiced prepalatal nasal approximant
/j/	[j]	voiced prepalatal approximant
/c/	[c]	voiceless postpalatal plosive
/ɟ/	[ɟ]	voiced postpalatal plosive
/k/	[k]	voiceless velar plosive
/ɡ/	[ɡ]	voiced velar plosive
/x/	[x]	voiceless velar fricative
	[xʲ]	palatalized voiceless velar fricative	[xʲis̪t̪ɔˈrɨt͡ʂn̪ɨ] obsolete or nonstandard characters (P)
	[ɣ]	voiced velar fricative
	[ɣʲ]	palatalized voiced velar fricative		rare
/w/	[w]	voiced labio-velar approximant
	[w̥]	voiceless labio-velar approximant
	[wʲ]	palatalized voiced labio-velar approximant
/w̃/	[w̃]	nasal labio-velar approximant		Also occurs in Portugese.
	[ŋ]	voiced velar nasal
	[ŋ̊]	voiceless velar nasal
	[ŋʲ]	palatalized voiced velar nasal
	[ŋ̊ʲ]	palatalized voiceless velar nasal

Vowels edit

Phoneme	Allophones	Articulation	Examples	Notes
/a/	[a]	low central unrounded vowel	example	/a/ is always central in Polish. Actually, the correct symbol for this should be ӓ invalid IPA characters (ӓ), but there could be problems to display nasalized ӓ̃ invalid IPA characters (ӓ) (dots and tilde above) in some fonts.
	[ã]	nasalized low central unrounded vowel		^[1]
	[ɐ]	raised low central vowel		^[2]
	[ɐ̃]	nasalized raised low central vowel		^[1]
/ɛ/	[ɛ]	low-mid front unrounded vowel
	[ɛ̃]	nasalized low-mid front unrounded vowel		^[1]
	[ɛ̝]	raised low-mid front unrounded vowel		^[2]
	[ɛ̝̃]	nasalized raised low-mid front unrounded vowel		^[1]
/i/	[i]	high front unrounded vowel
/i/	[ĩ]	nasalized high front unrounded vowel		^[1]
/ɔ/	[ɔ]	low-mid back rounded vowel
	[ɔ̃]	nasalized low-mid back rounded vowel		^[1]
	[ɔ̝]	raised low-mid back rounded vowel		^[2]
	[ɔ̝̃]	nasalized raised low-mid back rounded vowel		^[1]
/u/	[u]	high back rounded vowel
	[ũ]	nasalized high back rounded vowel		^[1]
	[u̝]	raised high back rounded vowel		^[2]
	[ũ̝]	nasalized raised high back rounded vowel		^[1]
/ɨ̞/	[ɨ]	lowered high near-central unrounded vowel		something between /ɪ/ and /ɨ/ (see vowel diagram below)
/ɨ̞/	[ɨ̃]	nasalized lowered high near-central unrounded vowel		^[1]

Polish vowel diagram (phonemes)

Other symbols edit

Symbol	Articulation	Examples	Notes
ʔ	glottal stop	[ʔaˈxa] ("aha"), [ɲɛʔ] ("nie"), [ˈfʔĩn̪ːɨ̃m] ("w innym") as opposite to [ˈvʲĩn̪ːɨ̃m] ("winnym")	Not a phoneme, but it can be heard in some words, especially interjections or in the word boundary.
ˈ	stress mark
ː	geminate or long vowel		not used for plosives!
‿	undertie		used to represent linking on word boundary

Notes edit

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 Nasalized vowels occur before nasal consonants.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Raised vowels occur between two palatal consonants or between palatalized and palatal consonant.

External links edit

IPA chart (image)

[nasalized-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 Nasalized vowels occur before nasal consonants.

[raised-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Raised vowels occur between two palatal consonants or between palatalized and palatal consonant.

[1]

[2]