Phonology
edit
Standard Zhuang
edit
Initials
edit
| IPA |
Transcription |
Notes
|
| /p/ |
b |
|
| /pʲ/ |
by |
|
| /ɓ/ |
mb |
|
| /m/ |
m |
|
| /mʲ/ |
my |
|
| /f/ |
f |
|
| /w/ |
v |
or /v/
|
| /t/ |
d |
|
| /ɗ/ |
nd |
|
| /n/ |
n |
|
| /θ/ |
s |
|
| /l/ |
l |
|
| /ɕ/ |
c |
|
| /j/ |
y |
|
| /ɲ/ |
ny |
|
| /k/ |
g |
|
| /kʲ/ |
gy |
|
| /kʷ/ |
gv |
|
| /ŋ/ |
ng |
|
| /ŋʷ/ |
ngv |
|
| /ɣ/ |
r |
|
| /ʔ/ |
/ |
|
| /h/ |
h |
|
| a /aː/ |
|
e /eː/ |
i /iː/ |
|
o /oː/ |
|
u /uː/ |
|
w /ɯː/ |
|
| ai /aːi/ |
ae /ai/ |
ei /ei/ |
|
|
oi /oːi/ |
|
ui /uːi/ |
|
wi /ɯːi/ |
|
| au /aːu/ |
aeu /au/ |
eu /eːu/ |
iu /iːu/ |
|
|
ou /ou/ |
|
|
|
|
|
aw /aɯ/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| am /aːm/ |
aem /am/ |
em /eːm/ |
iem /iːm/ |
im /im/ |
om /oːm/ |
oem /om/ |
uem /uːm/ |
um /um/ |
|
|
| an /aːn/ |
aen /an/ |
en /eːn/ |
ien /iːn/ |
in /in/ |
on /oːn/ |
oen /on/ |
uen /uːn/ |
un /un/ |
wen /ɯːn/ |
wn /ɯn/
|
| ang /aːŋ/ |
aeng /aŋ/ |
eng /eːŋ/ |
ieng /iːŋ/ |
ing /iŋ/ |
ong /oːŋ/ |
oeng /oŋ/ |
ueng /uːŋ/ |
ung /uŋ/ |
|
wng /ɯŋ/
|
| ap /aːp/ |
aep /ap/ |
ep /eːp/ |
iep /iːp/ |
ip /ip/ |
op /oːp/ |
oep /op/ |
uep /uːp/ |
up /up/ |
|
|
| at /aːt/ |
aet /at/ |
et /eːt/ |
iet /iːt/ |
it /it/ |
ot /oːt/ |
oet /ot/ |
uet /uːt/ |
ut /ut/ |
wet /ɯːt/ |
wt /ɯt/
|
| ak /aːk/ |
aek /ak/ |
ek /eːk/ |
iek /iːk/ |
ik /ik/ |
ok /oːk/ |
oek /ok/ |
uek /uːk/ |
uk /uk/ |
|
wk /ɯk/
|
| Tone |
Tone value |
Transcription |
Corresponding Chinese tone |
Notes
|
| 1 |
24 |
|
陰平 |
|
| 2 |
21 |
z |
陽平 |
|
| 3 |
55 |
j |
陰上 |
|
| 4 |
42 |
x |
陽上 |
|
| 5 |
35 |
q |
陰去 |
|
| 6 |
33 |
h |
陽去 |
|
| 7a |
55 |
(p, t, k) |
上陰入 |
short vowel
|
| 7b |
35 |
(p, t, k) |
下陰入 |
long vowel
|
| 8 |
33 |
(b, d, g) |
陽入 |
|
Wuming dialect
edit
Initials
edit
| IPA |
Transcription |
Notes
|
| /p/ |
b |
|
| /pl/ |
by |
|
| /ɓ/ |
mb |
|
| /m/ |
m |
|
| /ml/ |
my |
|
| /f/ |
f |
|
| /w/ |
v |
or /v/
|
| /ʔw/ |
v |
or /ʔv/
|
| /t/ |
d |
|
| /ɗ/ |
nd |
|
| /n/ |
n |
|
| /θ/ |
s |
|
| /l/ |
l |
|
| /ɕ/ |
c |
|
| /j/ |
y |
|
| /k/ |
g |
|
| /kl/ |
gy |
|
| /kʷ/ |
gv |
|
| /ŋ/ |
ng |
|
| /ɣ/ |
r |
|
| /ʔ/ |
/ |
|
| /h/ |
h |
|
| a /aː/ |
|
e /eː/ |
i /iː/ |
|
o /oː/ |
|
u /uː/ |
|
w /ɯː/ |
|
| ai /aːi/ |
ae /ai/ |
|
|
|
oi /oːi/ |
|
ui /uːi/ |
|
wi /ɯːi/ |
|
| au /aːu/ |
aeu /au/ |
eu /eːu/ |
iu /iːu/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
aw /aɯ/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| am /aːm/ |
aem /am/ |
em /eːm/ |
iem /iːm/ |
im /im/ |
om /oːm/ |
oem /om/ |
uem /uːm/ |
um /um/ |
|
|
| an /aːn/ |
aen /an/ |
en /eːn/ |
ien /iːn/ |
in /in/ |
on /oːn/ |
oen /on/ |
uen /uːn/ |
un /un/ |
wen /ɯːn/ |
wn /ɯn/
|
| ang /aːŋ/ |
aeng /aŋ/ |
eng /eːŋ/ |
ieng /iːŋ/ |
ing /iŋ/ |
ong /oːŋ/ |
oeng /oŋ/ |
ueng /uːŋ/ |
ung /uŋ/ |
ieng /ɯːŋ/ |
wng /ɯŋ/
|
| ap /aːp/ |
aep /ap/ |
ep /eːp/ |
iep /iːp/ |
ip /ip/ |
op /oːp/ |
oep /op/ |
uep /uːp/ |
up /up/ |
|
|
| at /aːt/ |
aet /at/ |
et /eːt/ |
iet /iːt/ |
it /it/ |
ot /oːt/ |
oet /ot/ |
uet /uːt/ |
ut /ut/ |
wet /ɯːt/ |
wt /ɯt/
|
| ak /aːk/ |
aek /ak/ |
ek /eːk/ |
iek /iːk/ |
ik /ik/ |
ok /oːk/ |
oek /ok/ |
uek /uːk/ |
uk /uk/ |
iek /ɯːk/ |
wk /ɯk/
|
Li Fang-Kuei notation
edit
| a /a/ |
|
e /e/ |
i /i/ |
|
o /ø/ |
|
u /u/ |
|
w /ɯ/ |
|
| ai /ai/ |
ae /ɑi/ |
ei /oi/ |
|
|
oi /øi/ |
|
ui /ui/ |
|
wi /ɯi/ |
|
| au /au/ |
aeu /ɑu/ |
eu /eu/ |
iu /iɑu/ |
iu /iu/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
aw /ɑɯ/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| am /am/ |
aem /ɑm/ |
em /em/ |
iem /iɑm/ |
im /im/ |
om /øm/ |
oem /om/ |
uem /uɑm/ |
um /um/ |
|
|
| an /an/ |
aen /ɑn/ |
en /en/ |
ien /iɑn/ |
in /in/ |
on /øn/ |
oen /on/ |
uen /uɑn/ |
un /un/ |
wen /ɯɑn/ |
wn /ɯn/
|
| ang /aŋ/ |
aeng /ɑŋ/ |
eng /eŋ/ |
ieng /iɑŋ/ |
ing /iŋ/ |
ong /øŋ/ |
oeng /oŋ/ |
ueng /uɑŋ/ |
ung /uŋ/ |
ieng /ɯɑŋ/ |
wng /ɯŋ/
|
| ap /ap/ |
aep /ɑp/ |
ep /ep/ |
iep /iɑp/ |
ip /ip/ |
op /øp/ |
oep /op/ |
|
up /up/ |
|
|
| at /at/ |
aet /ɑt/ |
et /et/ |
iet /iɑt/ |
it /it/ |
ot /øt/ |
oet /ot/ |
uet /uɑt/ |
ut /ut/ |
wet /ɯɑt/ |
wt /ɯt/
|
| ak /ak/ |
aek /ɑk/ |
ek /ek/ |
iek /iɑk/ |
ik /ik/ |
ok /øk/ |
oek /ok/ |
uek /uɑk/ |
uk /uk/ |
iek /ɯɑk/ |
wk /ɯk/
|
| Tone |
Tone value |
Transcription |
Corresponding Chinese tone |
Notes
|
| 1 |
24 |
|
陰平 |
|
| 2 |
21 |
z |
陽平 |
|
| 3 |
55 |
j |
陰上 |
|
| 4 |
42 |
x |
陽上 |
|
| 5 |
35 |
q |
陰去 |
|
| 6 |
33 |
h |
陽去 |
|
| 7a |
55 |
(p, t, k) |
上陰入 |
short vowel
|
| 7b |
35 |
(p, t, k) |
下陰入 |
long vowel
|
|
55 |
(p, t, k) |
|
long vowel (Chinese loans)
|
| 8 |
33 |
(b, d, g) |
陽入 |
long vowel
|
|
42 |
(b, d, g) |
|
long vowel (Chinese loans)
|
Longzhou dialect
edit
Initials
edit
| IPA |
Transcription |
Notes
|
| /p/ |
b |
|
| /pʲ/ |
by |
|
| /pʰ/ |
p |
|
| /pʰʲ/ |
py |
|
| /ɓ/ |
mb |
|
| /ɓʲ/ |
mby |
|
| /m/ |
m |
|
| /mʲ/ |
my |
|
| /f/ |
f |
|
| /w/ |
v |
|
| /t/ |
d |
|
| /tʲ/ |
dy |
Chinese loanwords only
|
| /tʰ/ |
t |
|
| /tʰʲ/ |
ty |
Chinese loanwords only
|
| /ɗ/ |
nd |
|
| /n/ |
n |
|
| /ɬ/ |
lh |
|
| /ɬʲ/ |
lhy |
Chinese loanwords only
|
| /l/ |
l |
|
| /lʲ/ |
ly |
Chinese loanwords only
|
| /ts/ |
z |
|
| /s/ |
s |
|
| /ɲ/ |
ny |
|
| /j/ |
y |
|
| /k/ |
g |
|
| /kʲ/ |
gy |
|
| /kʷ/ |
gv |
|
| /kʰ/ |
k |
|
| /kʰʲ/ |
ky |
|
| /kʰʷ/ |
kv |
|
| /ŋ/ |
ng |
|
| /ŋʷ/ |
ngv |
|
| /ʔ/ |
/ |
|
| /h/ |
h |
|
| /hʲ/ |
hy |
Chinese loanwords only
|
| Tone
|
Tone value
|
Transcription
|
Corresponding Chinese tone
|
Notes
|
| Zhang et al. (1999) |
Li et al. (2006)
|
| 1 |
33 |
44 |
|
陰平 |
|
| 2 |
21 |
42 |
z |
陽平 |
|
| 3 |
24 |
35 |
j |
陰上 |
|
| 4 |
32 |
42 |
x |
陽上 |
|
| 5 |
55 |
354 |
q |
陰去 |
|
| 6 |
11 |
31 |
h |
陽去 |
|
| 7 |
55 |
35 |
|
陰入
|
short or long vowel
|
| 8 |
11 |
31 |
|
陽入
|
short or long vowel
|
| 10 |
32 |
(31) |
|
陽入
|
short vowel
|
| 32 |
(31) |
|
陽入
|
long vowel (Chinese loans only?)
|
Note: Tone 8 and Tone 10 do not appear to be phonemically contrastive (Li et al., 2006) and should be considered one single phonemic tone.
References
edit
- 广西区语委研究室 (1994). 壮语方言土语音系. 广西民族出版社.
- 张均如, 梁敏, 欧阳觉亚, 郑贻青, 李旭练, 谢建猷. (1999). 壮语方言研究. Chengdu: 四川民族出版社.
- 中央学院少数民族语言研究所第五研究室 (1985). 壮侗语族语言词汇集. Beijing: 中央民族学院出版社.
- Li, Hongyan; Lan, Qingyuan; Kong Jiangping. (2006). 壮语龙州话声调的声学分析 (A Phonetic Study on Tones in Longzhou Speech). 民族语文 (Minority Languages of China): 6, 39-46.
