850 BCE |
800 |
750 |
700 |
650 |
600 |
550 |
500 |
450 |
400 |
350 |
300 |
250 |
200 |
150 |
100 |
50 |
1 CE |
50 |
100 |
150 |
200 |
250 |
300 |
350 |
400 |
450 |
500 |
550 |
600 |
650
|
|
|
Median Kingdom (678 BCE - 549 BCE)
|
Achaemenid Empire (539 BCE - 331 BCE)
|
|
Arsacid Empire (247 BCE - 224 CE)
|
Arsacid Armenian Kingdom (54 CE – 428 CE)
|
Sasanian Empire (224 CE - 651 CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aghwan (6th c. CE - 8th c. CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Old Arabic (200 BCE - 700 CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Old Aramaic (950 BCE - 539 BCE)
|
Imperial Aramaic (539 BCE - 200 BCE) Biblical · Classical
|
Middle Aramaic (200 BCE - 250 CE) Early Jewish Babylonian · Classical Syriac · Classical Mandaic
|
Late Aramaic (250 BCE - 700 CE) Late Jewish Babylonian
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Classical Armenian (405 CE - 12th c. CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neo-Babylonian (1000 BCE - 612 CE)
|
Late Babylonian (612 BCE - 75 CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Late Egyptian
|
Early Demotic (650 BCE - 400 BCE)
|
Middle Demotic (400 BCE - 30 CE)
|
Late Demotic (30 CE - 200 CE)
|
Early Coptic (200 CE - 400 CE)
|
Middle Coptic (400 CE - 650 CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neo-Elamite (1000 BCE - 539 CE)
|
Achaemenid Elamite (539 BCE - 331 BCE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Old Georgian (5th c. CE - 11th c. CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaic Greek (800 BCE – 480 BCE)
|
Classical Greek (480 BCE – 323 BCE)
|
Hellenistic Greek (323 BCE – 330 CE)
|
Byzantine Greek (330 CE – 1453 CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Early OIA (1500 BCE – 500 BCE) Vedic Sanskrit
|
Late OIA (500 BCE - 322 BCE) Epic Sanskrit · Classical Sanskrit
|
Early MIA (322 BCE – 100 CE) Early Ardhamagadhi · Ashokan · Early Gandhari · Pali
|
Middle MIA (100 BCE – 700 CE) Late Ardhamagadhi · Elu · Late Gandhari · Magadhi · Maharashtri · Niya · Buddhist Sanskrit · Sauraseni
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*Proto-Luwian
|
Lycian (500 BCE - 200 BCE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lydian (700 BCE - 200 BCE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*Proto-Median (1000 BCE - 539 BCE)
|
*Old Median (539 BCE - 331 BCE)
|
*Middle Median (331 BCE - 654 CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parthian (248 BCE - 428 CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*Proto-Persian (1000 BCE - 525 BCE)
|
Old Persian (525 BCE - 331 BCE)
|
Middle Persian (331 BCE - 654 CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Old Phrygian (800 BCE - 400 BCE)
|
*Middle Phrygian (400 BCE - 1 CE)
|
Neo-Phrygian (1 CE - 400 CE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|