Wiktionary:About Proto-Permic

Proto-Permic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Permic languages (Komi languages and Udmurt).

Transcription

For the sake of consistency, the following transcription is chosen for Wiktionary:

Proto-Permic consonants

		labial	labiodental	dental	alveolar	palatal	palatovelar
Stop	voiceless	p		t		ť	k
	voiced	b		d		ď	g
Fricative	voiceless			s	š	ś
	voiced	w	v	z	ž	ź	j
Affricate	voiceless				č	ć
	voiced				ǯ	ʒ́
Nasal		m		n		ń	ŋ
Lateral				l		ľ
Trill				r

Proto-Permic vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i	ü		u̇		u
Close-Mid	e	ö		ȯ		o
Mid
Open-Mid	ɛ	ɔ̈		ɔ̇		ɔ
Open	ä				a	å

The vowel ⟨y⟩ may be used to denote the unrounded central vowel in the reconstructions by Csúcs (2005). The vowels ⟨ᴕ⟩ and ⟨ᴕ̈⟩ are used for uncertain back and front vowels respectively.

Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (word-initial syllable)
Proto-Permic	Old Komi	Komi-Zyrian	Komi-Permyak	Komi-Yazva	Udmurt	Finnic	notes
*a	𐍐	а	а	a	а	*a, *ä
*å	𐍐	а	а	a	у	*a
*ä	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	е	*ä, *e, *i	Dialectally, Udmurt *ä > ӧ
*ɔ	𐍩	о	о	о	у	*ä, *e, *i, *ö, *ü	Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ > а
*o	𐍞	о	о	у	у	*a, *ë, *i, *o, *u	Udmurt *wo- > ва- Beserman *wo- > ўа- Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/и Irregularly, Beserman *o > ө
*ɛ	𐍔	е	е	е	о	*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)	Next to palatals, Udmurt *ɛ > е Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e
*e	𐍱	е	е	и	о	*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)	Next to palatals, Udmurt *e > е Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e
*ɔ̇	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	о	*ä mainly	Before *l, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а
*ȯ	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ӱ	ӧ	*o, *u mainly	Udmurt unstressed *ȯ > ы Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө
*ɔ̈	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	*ö, *ü	Udmurt unstressed *ɔ̈ > у Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е
*ö	𐍞	о	о	у	у	*ä, e, i, ö, ü	Beserman *ö > ө
*u̇	𐍨	ы	ы	ө	ы	*u, *ü mainly	Beserman *u̇ > ө
*i	𐍙	и	и	и	и	*i, *e mainly
*u	𐍣	у	у	у	у	*a, *o mainly	Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө
*ü	𐍣	у	у	у	у	*ä, *e *i, *ö, *ü	Beserman *ü > ө Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и

Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (non-initial syllable)
Proto-Permic	Old Komi	Komi-Zyrian	Komi-Permyak	Komi-Yazva	Udmurt	notes
*a	𐍐	а	а	a	а / о
*ä	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ө	е
*i	𐍙 / 𐍨	и / ы	и / ы	и / ө	и / ы / у	different realisations in dialectal Udmurt

Descendants

All Proto-Permic reconstructions should either feature at least one Komi and one Udmurt descendant or any one Permic descendant, provided that a Proto-Uralic ancestor is reconstructed. The current standard for listing descendants is as such:

* Komi:
** {{desc|koi|}}
** {{desc|urj-kya|}}
** {{desc|kpv|}}
*** Komi-Izhma: {{l|kpv|}}
*** Komi-Pechora: {{l|kpv|}}
** {{desc|urj-koo|}}
* {{desc|udm|}}
** Beserman: {{l|udm|}}

Sources

The main sources for Proto-Permic reconstructions are works by V. I. Lytkin, including {{R:kpv:KESK}}.

Another main work is {{R:urj:Csucs:2005}}, which however should mainly be used for alternative reconstructions. Alternative reconstructions from this work may be given under the header ===Alternative forms=== and given an {{alternative form of}} template.

References

• V. I. Lytkin (1957) Историческая грамматика коми языка, Syktyvkar: Коми книжное издательство
• V. I. Lytkin (1964) Истоический вокализм пермсих языков, Moscow: Наука
• Lytkin, V. I., Gulyaev, E. S., editors (1970), Краткий этимологический словарь коми языка [Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Komi Language]‎^[1] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka
• Sándor Csúcs (2005) Die Rekonstruktion der Permischen Grundsprache (Bibliotheca Uralica; 13) (in German), Akadémiai Kiadó, →ISBN
• Aikio, Ante (2020) “Studies in Uralic Etymology V: Permic Etymologies”, in Linguistica Uralica‎^[2], volume 57, number 3, Estonian Academy Publishers, →ISSN, pages 161–179