Wiktionary:About Taos
Taos is a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken in Taos Pueblo in New Mexico, USA. It is greatly underdocumented: there is no dictionary nor any full grammar of Taos.
Sources edit
The published documentation of Taos was collected mostly by George L. Trager and John P. Harrington.
Most of the data (including both vocabulary and a grammatical sketch) lies in
- Trager, George L. (1946). An outline of Taos grammar. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America (pp. 184-221). New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
Several noun forms are in
- Trager, George L. (1944). Spanish and English loanwords in Taos. International Journal of American Linguistics, 10 (4), 144-158.
A lot of information is also in Trager's footnotes of the following, which also contains two short stories in interlinear translation elicted by Trager (at the end):
- Parsons, Elsie Clews. (1940). Taos tales. Memoirs of the American Folklore Society (Vol. 34). New York.
Smaller amounts of Taos lexical data are in
- Trager, George L. (1936). The language of the pueblo of Taos. Maître Phonétique, 56, 59-62. [<= phonemic analysis differs slightly from later work, entire article (even the English part) written IPA phonetic transcription]
- Trager, George L. (1939). The days of the week in the language of Taos Pueblo, New Mexico. Language, 15, 51-55.
- Trager, George L. (1942). The historical phonology of the Tiwa languages. Studies in Linguistics, 1 (5), 1-10.
- Trager, George L. (1943). The kinship and status terms of the Tiwa languages. American Anthropologist, 45 (1), 557-571.
- Trager, George L. (1960). Taos III: Paralanguage. Anthropological Linguistics, 2 (2), 24-30.
- Trager, George L. (1960). The name of Taos, New Mexico. Anthropological Linguistics, 2 (3), 5-6.
- Trager, George L. (1961). The typology of paralanguage. Anthropological Linguistics, 3 (1), 17-21.
- Trager, George L.; & Trager, Edith Crowell. (1959). Kiowa and Tanoan. American Anthropologist, 61 (6), 1078-1083.
- Trager, George L.; & Trager, Felicia H. (1970). The cardinal directions at Taos and Picuris. Anthropological Linguistics, 12 (2), 31-37.
- Whorf, Benjamin L.; & Trager, George L. (1937). The relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan. American Anthropologist, 39, 609-624. [<= generally omits tone and stress]
Besides Trager, Harrington has a large amount of lexical data on Taos. However, Harrington's transcription is mostly phonetic whereas Trager's is phonemic. There is not a one-to-one correspondence between Harrington's symbols and Trager's. Additionally, Harrington's transcriptions do not indicate stress or tone. Harrington's main sources are
- Harrington, J. P. (1909). Notes on the Piro language. American Anthropologist, 11 (4), 563-594.
- Harrington, J. P. (1910). An introductory paper on the Tiwa language, dialect of Taos. American Anthropologist, 12 (1), 11-48.
- Harrington, J. P. (1916). Ambiguity in the Taos personal pronoun. In Holmes anniversary volume (pp. 142-156). Washington: J.W. Bryan.