Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukuswaca
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuswaca
|
ukungaswaci
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
swaca
|
-swace
|
Plural
|
swacani
|
-swaceni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyaswaca, ngiswaca
|
engiswacayo, engiswaca
|
ngiswaca
|
angiswaci
|
engingaswaci
|
ngingaswaci
|
2nd singular
|
uyaswaca, uswaca
|
oswacayo, oswaca
|
uswaca
|
awuswaci
|
ongaswaci
|
ungaswaci
|
1st plural
|
siyaswaca, siswaca
|
esiswacayo, esiswaca
|
siswaca
|
asiswaci
|
esingaswaci
|
singaswaci
|
2nd plural
|
niyaswaca, niswaca
|
eniswacayo, eniswaca
|
niswaca
|
aniswaci
|
eningaswaci
|
ningaswaci
|
Class 1
|
uyaswaca, uswaca
|
oswacayo, oswaca
|
eswaca
|
akaswaci
|
ongaswaci
|
engaswaci
|
Class 2
|
bayaswaca, baswaca
|
abaswacayo, abaswaca
|
beswaca
|
abaswaci
|
abangaswaci
|
bengaswaci
|
Class 3
|
uyaswaca, uswaca
|
oswacayo, oswaca
|
uswaca
|
awuswaci
|
ongaswaci
|
ungaswaci
|
Class 4
|
iyaswaca, iswaca
|
eswacayo, eswaca
|
iswaca
|
ayiswaci
|
engaswaci
|
ingaswaci
|
Class 5
|
liyaswaca, liswaca
|
eliswacayo, eliswaca
|
liswaca
|
aliswaci
|
elingaswaci
|
lingaswaci
|
Class 6
|
ayaswaca, aswaca
|
aswacayo, aswaca
|
eswaca
|
awaswaci
|
angaswaci
|
engaswaci
|
Class 7
|
siyaswaca, siswaca
|
esiswacayo, esiswaca
|
siswaca
|
asiswaci
|
esingaswaci
|
singaswaci
|
Class 8
|
ziyaswaca, ziswaca
|
eziswacayo, eziswaca
|
ziswaca
|
aziswaci
|
ezingaswaci
|
zingaswaci
|
Class 9
|
iyaswaca, iswaca
|
eswacayo, eswaca
|
iswaca
|
ayiswaci
|
engaswaci
|
ingaswaci
|
Class 10
|
ziyaswaca, ziswaca
|
eziswacayo, eziswaca
|
ziswaca
|
aziswaci
|
ezingaswaci
|
zingaswaci
|
Class 11
|
luyaswaca, luswaca
|
oluswacayo, oluswaca
|
luswaca
|
aluswaci
|
olungaswaci
|
lungaswaci
|
Class 14
|
buyaswaca, buswaca
|
obuswacayo, obuswaca
|
buswaca
|
abuswaci
|
obungaswaci
|
bungaswaci
|
Class 15
|
kuyaswaca, kuswaca
|
okuswacayo, okuswaca
|
kuswaca
|
akuswaci
|
okungaswaci
|
kungaswaci
|
Class 17
|
kuyaswaca, kuswaca
|
okuswacayo, okuswaca
|
kuswaca
|
akuswaci
|
okungaswaci
|
kungaswaci
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiswacile, ngiswacē
|
engiswacile, engiswacē
|
ngiswacile, ngiswacē
|
angiswacanga
|
engingaswacanga
|
ngingaswacanga
|
2nd singular
|
uswacile, uswacē
|
oswacile, oswacē
|
uswacile, uswacē
|
awuswacanga
|
ongaswacanga
|
ungaswacanga
|
1st plural
|
siswacile, siswacē
|
esiswacile, esiswacē
|
siswacile, siswacē
|
asiswacanga
|
esingaswacanga
|
singaswacanga
|
2nd plural
|
niswacile, niswacē
|
eniswacile, eniswacē
|
niswacile, niswacē
|
aniswacanga
|
eningaswacanga
|
ningaswacanga
|
Class 1
|
uswacile, uswacē
|
oswacile, oswacē
|
eswacile, eswacē
|
akaswacanga
|
ongaswacanga
|
engaswacanga
|
Class 2
|
baswacile, baswacē
|
abaswacile, abaswacē
|
beswacile, beswacē
|
abaswacanga
|
abangaswacanga
|
bengaswacanga
|
Class 3
|
uswacile, uswacē
|
oswacile, oswacē
|
uswacile, uswacē
|
awuswacanga
|
ongaswacanga
|
ungaswacanga
|
Class 4
|
iswacile, iswacē
|
eswacile, eswacē
|
iswacile, iswacē
|
ayiswacanga
|
engaswacanga
|
ingaswacanga
|
Class 5
|
liswacile, liswacē
|
eliswacile, eliswacē
|
liswacile, liswacē
|
aliswacanga
|
elingaswacanga
|
lingaswacanga
|
Class 6
|
aswacile, aswacē
|
aswacile, aswacē
|
eswacile, eswacē
|
awaswacanga
|
angaswacanga
|
engaswacanga
|
Class 7
|
siswacile, siswacē
|
esiswacile, esiswacē
|
siswacile, siswacē
|
asiswacanga
|
esingaswacanga
|
singaswacanga
|
Class 8
|
ziswacile, ziswacē
|
eziswacile, eziswacē
|
ziswacile, ziswacē
|
aziswacanga
|
ezingaswacanga
|
zingaswacanga
|
Class 9
|
iswacile, iswacē
|
eswacile, eswacē
|
iswacile, iswacē
|
ayiswacanga
|
engaswacanga
|
ingaswacanga
|
Class 10
|
ziswacile, ziswacē
|
eziswacile, eziswacē
|
ziswacile, ziswacē
|
aziswacanga
|
ezingaswacanga
|
zingaswacanga
|
Class 11
|
luswacile, luswacē
|
oluswacile, oluswacē
|
luswacile, luswacē
|
aluswacanga
|
olungaswacanga
|
lungaswacanga
|
Class 14
|
buswacile, buswacē
|
obuswacile, obuswacē
|
buswacile, buswacē
|
abuswacanga
|
obungaswacanga
|
bungaswacanga
|
Class 15
|
kuswacile, kuswacē
|
okuswacile, okuswacē
|
kuswacile, kuswacē
|
akuswacanga
|
okungaswacanga
|
kungaswacanga
|
Class 17
|
kuswacile, kuswacē
|
okuswacile, okuswacē
|
kuswacile, kuswacē
|
akuswacanga
|
okungaswacanga
|
kungaswacanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāswaca
|
engāswaca
|
ngāswaca
|
angiswacanga
|
engingaswacanga
|
ngingaswacanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāswaca
|
owāswaca
|
wāswaca
|
awuswacanga
|
ongaswacanga
|
ungaswacanga
|
1st plural
|
sāswaca
|
esāswaca
|
sāswaca
|
asiswacanga
|
esingaswacanga
|
singaswacanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāswaca
|
enāswaca
|
nāswaca
|
aniswacanga
|
eningaswacanga
|
ningaswacanga
|
Class 1
|
wāswaca
|
owāswaca
|
āswaca
|
akaswacanga
|
ongaswacanga
|
engaswacanga
|
Class 2
|
bāswaca
|
abāswaca
|
bāswaca
|
abaswacanga
|
abangaswacanga
|
bengaswacanga
|
Class 3
|
wāswaca
|
owāswaca
|
wāswaca
|
awuswacanga
|
ongaswacanga
|
ungaswacanga
|
Class 4
|
yāswaca
|
eyāswaca
|
yāswaca
|
ayiswacanga
|
engaswacanga
|
ingaswacanga
|
Class 5
|
lāswaca
|
elāswaca
|
lāswaca
|
aliswacanga
|
elingaswacanga
|
lingaswacanga
|
Class 6
|
āswaca
|
āswaca
|
āswaca
|
awaswacanga
|
angaswacanga
|
engaswacanga
|
Class 7
|
sāswaca
|
esāswaca
|
sāswaca
|
asiswacanga
|
esingaswacanga
|
singaswacanga
|
Class 8
|
zāswaca
|
ezāswaca
|
zāswaca
|
aziswacanga
|
ezingaswacanga
|
zingaswacanga
|
Class 9
|
yāswaca
|
eyāswaca
|
yāswaca
|
ayiswacanga
|
engaswacanga
|
ingaswacanga
|
Class 10
|
zāswaca
|
ezāswaca
|
zāswaca
|
aziswacanga
|
ezingaswacanga
|
zingaswacanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāswaca
|
olwāswaca
|
lwāswaca
|
aluswacanga
|
olungaswacanga
|
lungaswacanga
|
Class 14
|
bāswaca
|
obāswaca
|
bāswaca
|
abuswacanga
|
obungaswacanga
|
bungaswacanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāswaca
|
okwāswaca
|
kwāswaca
|
akuswacanga
|
okungaswacanga
|
kungaswacanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāswaca
|
okwāswaca
|
kwāswaca
|
akuswacanga
|
okungaswacanga
|
kungaswacanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingaswaca
|
—
|
ngingaswaca
|
ngingeswace
|
—
|
ngingeswace
|
2nd singular
|
ungaswaca
|
—
|
ungaswaca
|
ungeswace
|
—
|
ungeswace
|
1st plural
|
singaswaca
|
—
|
singaswaca
|
singeswace
|
—
|
singeswace
|
2nd plural
|
ningaswaca
|
—
|
ningaswaca
|
ningeswace
|
—
|
ningeswace
|
Class 1
|
angaswaca
|
—
|
engaswaca
|
angeswace
|
—
|
engeswace
|
Class 2
|
bangaswaca
|
—
|
bengaswaca
|
bangeswace
|
—
|
bengeswace
|
Class 3
|
ungaswaca
|
—
|
ungaswaca
|
ungeswace
|
—
|
ungeswace
|
Class 4
|
ingaswaca
|
—
|
ingaswaca
|
ingeswace
|
—
|
ingeswace
|
Class 5
|
lingaswaca
|
—
|
lingaswaca
|
lingeswace
|
—
|
lingeswace
|
Class 6
|
angaswaca
|
—
|
engaswaca
|
angeswace
|
—
|
engeswace
|
Class 7
|
singaswaca
|
—
|
singaswaca
|
singeswace
|
—
|
singeswace
|
Class 8
|
zingaswaca
|
—
|
zingaswaca
|
zingeswace
|
—
|
zingeswace
|
Class 9
|
ingaswaca
|
—
|
ingaswaca
|
ingeswace
|
—
|
ingeswace
|
Class 10
|
zingaswaca
|
—
|
zingaswaca
|
zingeswace
|
—
|
zingeswace
|
Class 11
|
lungaswaca
|
—
|
lungaswaca
|
lungeswace
|
—
|
lungeswace
|
Class 14
|
bungaswaca
|
—
|
bungaswaca
|
bungeswace
|
—
|
bungeswace
|
Class 15
|
kungaswaca
|
—
|
kungaswaca
|
kungeswace
|
—
|
kungeswace
|
Class 17
|
kungaswaca
|
—
|
kungaswaca
|
kungeswace
|
—
|
kungeswace
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizoswaca
|
engizoswaca
|
ngizoswaca
|
angizuswaca
|
engingezuswaca
|
ngingezuswaca
|
2nd singular
|
uzoswaca
|
ozoswaca
|
uzoswaca
|
awuzuswaca
|
ongezuswaca
|
ungezuswaca
|
1st plural
|
sizoswaca
|
esizoswaca
|
sizoswaca
|
asizuswaca
|
esingezuswaca
|
singezuswaca
|
2nd plural
|
nizoswaca
|
enizoswaca
|
nizoswaca
|
anizuswaca
|
eningezuswaca
|
ningezuswaca
|
Class 1
|
uzoswaca
|
ozoswaca
|
ezoswaca
|
akazuswaca
|
ongezuswaca
|
engezuswaca
|
Class 2
|
bazoswaca
|
abazoswaca
|
bezoswaca
|
abazuswaca
|
abangezuswaca
|
bengezuswaca
|
Class 3
|
uzoswaca
|
ozoswaca
|
uzoswaca
|
awuzuswaca
|
ongezuswaca
|
ungezuswaca
|
Class 4
|
izoswaca
|
ezoswaca
|
izoswaca
|
ayizuswaca
|
engezuswaca
|
ingezuswaca
|
Class 5
|
lizoswaca
|
elizoswaca
|
lizoswaca
|
alizuswaca
|
elingezuswaca
|
lingezuswaca
|
Class 6
|
azoswaca
|
azoswaca
|
ezoswaca
|
awazuswaca
|
angezuswaca
|
engezuswaca
|
Class 7
|
sizoswaca
|
esizoswaca
|
sizoswaca
|
asizuswaca
|
esingezuswaca
|
singezuswaca
|
Class 8
|
zizoswaca
|
ezizoswaca
|
zizoswaca
|
azizuswaca
|
ezingezuswaca
|
zingezuswaca
|
Class 9
|
izoswaca
|
ezoswaca
|
izoswaca
|
ayizuswaca
|
engezuswaca
|
ingezuswaca
|
Class 10
|
zizoswaca
|
ezizoswaca
|
zizoswaca
|
azizuswaca
|
ezingezuswaca
|
zingezuswaca
|
Class 11
|
luzoswaca
|
oluzoswaca
|
luzoswaca
|
aluzuswaca
|
olungezuswaca
|
lungezuswaca
|
Class 14
|
buzoswaca
|
obuzoswaca
|
buzoswaca
|
abuzuswaca
|
obungezuswaca
|
bungezuswaca
|
Class 15
|
kuzoswaca
|
okuzoswaca
|
kuzoswaca
|
akuzuswaca
|
okungezuswaca
|
kungezuswaca
|
Class 17
|
kuzoswaca
|
okuzoswaca
|
kuzoswaca
|
akuzuswaca
|
okungezuswaca
|
kungezuswaca
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyoswaca
|
engiyoswaca
|
ngiyoswaca
|
angiyuswaca
|
engingeyuswaca
|
ngingeyuswaca
|
2nd singular
|
uyoswaca
|
oyoswaca
|
uyoswaca
|
awuyuswaca
|
ongeyuswaca
|
ungeyuswaca
|
1st plural
|
siyoswaca
|
esiyoswaca
|
siyoswaca
|
asiyuswaca
|
esingeyuswaca
|
singeyuswaca
|
2nd plural
|
niyoswaca
|
eniyoswaca
|
niyoswaca
|
aniyuswaca
|
eningeyuswaca
|
ningeyuswaca
|
Class 1
|
uyoswaca
|
oyoswaca
|
eyoswaca
|
akayuswaca
|
ongeyuswaca
|
engeyuswaca
|
Class 2
|
bayoswaca
|
abayoswaca
|
beyoswaca
|
abayuswaca
|
abangeyuswaca
|
bengeyuswaca
|
Class 3
|
uyoswaca
|
oyoswaca
|
uyoswaca
|
awuyuswaca
|
ongeyuswaca
|
ungeyuswaca
|
Class 4
|
iyoswaca
|
eyoswaca
|
iyoswaca
|
ayiyuswaca
|
engeyuswaca
|
ingeyuswaca
|
Class 5
|
liyoswaca
|
eliyoswaca
|
liyoswaca
|
aliyuswaca
|
elingeyuswaca
|
lingeyuswaca
|
Class 6
|
ayoswaca
|
ayoswaca
|
eyoswaca
|
awayuswaca
|
angeyuswaca
|
engeyuswaca
|
Class 7
|
siyoswaca
|
esiyoswaca
|
siyoswaca
|
asiyuswaca
|
esingeyuswaca
|
singeyuswaca
|
Class 8
|
ziyoswaca
|
eziyoswaca
|
ziyoswaca
|
aziyuswaca
|
ezingeyuswaca
|
zingeyuswaca
|
Class 9
|
iyoswaca
|
eyoswaca
|
iyoswaca
|
ayiyuswaca
|
engeyuswaca
|
ingeyuswaca
|
Class 10
|
ziyoswaca
|
eziyoswaca
|
ziyoswaca
|
aziyuswaca
|
ezingeyuswaca
|
zingeyuswaca
|
Class 11
|
luyoswaca
|
oluyoswaca
|
luyoswaca
|
aluyuswaca
|
olungeyuswaca
|
lungeyuswaca
|
Class 14
|
buyoswaca
|
obuyoswaca
|
buyoswaca
|
abuyuswaca
|
obungeyuswaca
|
bungeyuswaca
|
Class 15
|
kuyoswaca
|
okuyoswaca
|
kuyoswaca
|
akuyuswaca
|
okungeyuswaca
|
kungeyuswaca
|
Class 17
|
kuyoswaca
|
okuyoswaca
|
kuyoswaca
|
akuyuswaca
|
okungeyuswaca
|
kungeyuswaca
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngiswace
|
ngingaswaci
|
2nd singular
|
uswace
|
ungaswaci
|
1st plural
|
siswace
|
singaswaci
|
2nd plural
|
niswace
|
ningaswaci
|
Class 1
|
aswace
|
angaswaci
|
Class 2
|
baswace
|
bangaswaci
|
Class 3
|
uswace
|
ungaswaci
|
Class 4
|
iswace
|
ingaswaci
|
Class 5
|
liswace
|
lingaswaci
|
Class 6
|
aswace
|
angaswaci
|
Class 7
|
siswace
|
singaswaci
|
Class 8
|
ziswace
|
zingaswaci
|
Class 9
|
iswace
|
ingaswaci
|
Class 10
|
ziswace
|
zingaswaci
|
Class 11
|
luswace
|
lungaswaci
|
Class 14
|
buswace
|
bungaswaci
|
Class 15
|
kuswace
|
kungaswaci
|
Class 17
|
kuswace
|
kungaswaci
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngaswaca
|
ngangaswaca, angaswaca, angangaswaca
|
2nd singular
|
waswaca
|
wangaswaca, awaswaca, awangaswaca
|
1st plural
|
saswaca
|
sangaswaca, asaswaca, asangaswaca
|
2nd plural
|
naswaca
|
nangaswaca, anaswaca, anangaswaca
|
Class 1
|
waswaca
|
wangaswaca, akaswaca, akangaswaca
|
Class 2
|
baswaca
|
bangaswaca, abaswaca, abangaswaca
|
Class 3
|
waswaca
|
wangaswaca, awaswaca, awangaswaca
|
Class 4
|
yaswaca
|
yangaswaca, ayaswaca, ayangaswaca
|
Class 5
|
laswaca
|
langaswaca, alaswaca, alangaswaca
|
Class 6
|
aswaca
|
angaswaca, awaswaca, awangaswaca
|
Class 7
|
saswaca
|
sangaswaca, asaswaca, asangaswaca
|
Class 8
|
zaswaca
|
zangaswaca, azaswaca, azangaswaca
|
Class 9
|
yaswaca
|
yangaswaca, ayaswaca, ayangaswaca
|
Class 10
|
zaswaca
|
zangaswaca, azaswaca, azangaswaca
|
Class 11
|
lwaswaca
|
lwangaswaca, alwaswaca, alwangaswaca
|
Class 14
|
baswaca
|
bangaswaca, abaswaca, abangaswaca
|
Class 15
|
kwaswaca
|
kwangaswaca, akwaswaca, akwangaswaca
|
Class 17
|
kwaswaca
|
kwangaswaca, akwaswaca, akwangaswaca
|