каля

See also: қала, ҡала, and кала

Belarusian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kaˈlʲa]
• Rhymes: -a

• Audio

  (file)

Preposition

каля́ • (kaljá)

1. beside, by, near

   Synonym: ля (lja)

Further reading

• “каля” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org
• “каля”, in Skarnik's Belarusian dictionary (in Belarusian), based on Kandrat Krapiva's Explanatory Dictionary of the Belarusian Language (1977-1984)

Bulgarian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kaliti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɐˈlʲɤ̟]

• Audio

  (file)

Verb

каля́ • (kaljá) first-singular present indicative, pf (imperfective каля́вам)

1. to temper (metal, glass, etc.), to harden
2. (figurative, transitive) to toughen up, to make resilient

Conjugation

    Conjugation of каля́ (conjugation 2.1, perfective, transitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	—	кали́л kalíl	каля́л kaljál	кале́н kalén		—
	definite subject form	—	кали́лият kalílijat	—	кале́ният kalénijat
	definite object form	—	кали́лия kalílija	—	кале́ния kalénija
feminine	indefinite	—	кали́ла kalíla	каля́ла kaljála	кале́на kaléna
	definite	—	кали́лата kalílata	—	кале́ната kalénata
neuter	indefinite	—	кали́ло kalílo	каля́ло kaljálo	кале́но kaléno	—
	definite	—	кали́лото kalíloto	—	кале́ното kalénoto	—
plural	indefinite	—	кали́ли kalíli	кале́ли kaléli	кале́ни kaléni	—
	definite	—	кали́лите kalílite	—	кале́ните kalénite	—

person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		каля́ kaljá	кали́ш kalíš	кали́ kalí	кали́м kalím	кали́те kalíte	каля́т kalját
imperfect		каля́х kaljáh	кале́ше kaléše	кале́ше kaléše	каля́хме kaljáhme	каля́хте kaljáhte	каля́ха kaljáha
aorist		кали́х kalíh	кали́ kalí	кали́ kalí	кали́хме kalíhme	кали́хте kalíhte	кали́ха kalíha
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and каля́л m, каля́ла f, каля́ло n, or кале́ли pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and каля́л m, каля́ла f, каля́ло n, or кале́ли pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and каля́л m, каля́ла f, каля́ло n, or кале́ли pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and кали́л m, кали́ла f, кали́ло n, or кали́ли pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
			кали́ kalí			кале́те kaléte

Derived terms

• закаля́ pf (zakaljá), закаля́вам impf (zakaljávam)
• накаля́ pf (nakaljá), накаля́вам impf (nakaljávam) (dialectal)
• прекаля́ pf (prekaljá), прекаля́вам impf (prekaljávam, “to overdo, to go too far”)
• разкаля́ pf (razkaljá), разкаля́вам impf (razkaljávam) (dialectal)
• каля́ч (kaljáč) (agent noun)
• кале́н (kalén, “tempered, sturdy”)

References

• “каля”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “каля”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “калявам, каля”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 181

Russian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɐˈlʲa]

Participle

каля́ • (kaljá)

1. present adverbial imperfective participle of кали́ть (kalítʹ)