خشت

See also: حسب, جست, چست, حست, خشب, خسپ, ح س ب, and خ ش ب

Khalaj edit

Noun edit

خِشت (xişt) (definite accusative خِشتی, plural خِشتلَر)

Arabic spelling of xişt (“brick, bar, ingot”)

Declension edit

Declension of خشت

	singular	plural
nominative	خشت	خشتلَر
genitive	خشتۆݧ	خشتلَریݧ
dative	خشتکه	خشتلَرکه
definite accusative	خشتۆ	خشتلَری
locative	خشتچه	خشتلَرچه
ablative	خشتده	خشتلَرده
instrumental	خشتله	خشتلَرله
equative	خشتوارا	خشتلَروارا

Persian edit

Pronunciation edit

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xiʃt]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xɪʃt̪]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xɪʃt̪]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xiʃt̪]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xeʃt̪]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χiʃt̪]

Readings
Classical reading^?	xišt
Dari reading^?	xišt
Iranian reading^?	xešt
Tajik reading^?	xišt

Etymology 1 edit

See Old Armenian աշտեայ (ašteay).

Noun edit

خِشْت • (xešt) (plural خشت‌ها (xešt-hâ))

(archaic) javelin, dart, spear, halberd, poleaxe

Descendants edit

→ Old Armenian: խիշտ (xišt)
- Armenian: խիշտ (xišt)
→ Georgian: ხიშტი (xišṭi)

References edit

Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “خشت”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 510

Etymology 2 edit

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hšt' /⁠xišt⁠/, “brick”), from Old Persian 𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎡 (i-š-t-i /⁠išti-⁠/, “sun-dried brick”), possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.^[1]^[2] Cognate with Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ištiia, “brick”), 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌 (išti), 𐬰𐬆𐬨𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀 (zəmōištuua, “clay brick”), Sanskrit इष्टका (iṣṭakā, “brick”), Tocharian B iścem (“clay”), Pashto خښته (ḵẖaś̱ẖtaʿh), and possibly Parthian 𐫍𐫏𐫢𐫎𐫏𐫃 (hyšṯyg, “brick”).

Noun edit

خِشْت • (xešt) (plural خشت‌ها (xešt-hâ))

خشت

adobe, sun-dried brick

Derived terms edit

خشتی (xešti)

Descendants edit

Tajik: хишт (xišt)
- → Uzbek: gʻisht
→ Hindi: ख़िश्त (xiśt)
→ Gujarati: ખિશ્ત (khiśt)
→ Khalaj: xişt
→ Kurdish:
- Central Kurdish: خشت (xişt)
→ Urdu: خِشْت (xiśt)

References edit

^
^{The template Template:R:iir:Lubotsky:1999 does not use the parameter(s): 2=*išt(i̯)a- `brick'
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Lubotsky, Alexander (1999) “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎^[1], Helsinki, page 4
^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1949: “*išta-, *išti- ‘brick’”

Urdu edit

خِشت کا گَھر
a brick house

Etymology edit

Borrowed from Classical Persian (xišt, “brick”), doublet of اِیْنٹ (ī̃ṭ). Ultimately derived from the BMAC substrate.

Cognate with Punjabi اِٹّ (īṭṭ), Pashto خښته (ḵẖaś̱ẖtaʿh), Khowar اݰٹو (ušṭu), Phalura اݜٹو (iṣṭū́),

Pronunciation edit

(Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /xɪʃt̪/

Noun edit

خِشْت • (xiśt) f (Hindi spelling ख़िश्त)

brick
tile; slab

Derived terms edit

خِشْتِی (xiśtī, “(made of) brick”)
خِشْتَک (xiśtak, “small brick”)
خِشْت ساز (xiśt sāz, “brick-maker”)
خِشْت زَنِی (xiśt zanī, “brick-making”)

References edit

“خشت”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خشت”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
Platts, John Thompson (1884) “خشت”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., →ISBN, →OCLC
“خشت”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.

[1] {The template Template:R:iir:Lubotsky:1999 does not use the parameter(s): 2=*išt(i̯)a- `brick'
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Lubotsky, Alexander (1999) “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎^[1], Helsinki, page 4

[2] Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1949: “*išta-, *išti- ‘brick’”

[1]

[2]