इष्टका

Sanskrit edit

Alternative forms edit

इष्टिका (iṣṭikā)

Alternative forms edit

Alternative scripts

ইষ্টকা (Assamese script)
ᬇᬱ᭄ᬝᬓᬵ (Balinese script)
ইষ্টকা (Bengali script)
𑰂𑰬𑰿𑰘𑰎𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀇𑀱𑁆𑀝𑀓𑀸 (Brahmi script)
ဣၑ္ဋကာ (Burmese script)
ઇષ્ટકા (Gujarati script)
ਇਸ਼੍ਟਕਾ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌇𑌷𑍍𑌟𑌕𑌾 (Grantha script)
ꦆꦰ꧀ꦛꦏꦴ (Javanese script)
𑂅𑂭𑂹𑂗𑂍𑂰 (Kaithi script)
ಇಷ್ಟಕಾ (Kannada script)
ឥឞ្ដកា (Khmer script)
ອິຩ຺ຏກາ (Lao script)
ഇഷ്ടകാ (Malayalam script)
ᡳᢢᢞᠠᡬᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
𑘂𑘬𑘿𑘘𑘎𑘰 (Modi script)
ᠢᢔᢌᠠᢉᠠ᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑦢𑧌𑧠𑦸𑦮𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
𑐂𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐎𑐵 (Newa script)
ଇଷ୍ଟକା (Odia script)
ꢄꢰ꣄ꢜꢒꢵ (Saurashtra script)
𑆅𑆰𑇀𑆛𑆑𑆳 (Sharada script)
𑖂𑖬𑖿𑖘𑖎𑖯 (Siddham script)
ඉෂ‍්ටකා (Sinhalese script)
𑩐𑩑𑪀 𑪙𑩦𑩜𑩛 (Soyombo script)
𑚂𑚶𑚔𑚊𑚭 (Takri script)
இஷ்டகா (Tamil script)
ఇష్టకా (Telugu script)
อิษฺฏกา (Thai script)
ཨི་ཥྚ་ཀཱ (Tibetan script)
𑒃𑒭𑓂𑒙𑒏𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
𑨀𑨁𑨯𑩇𑨔𑨋𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *íṣṭakaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ištaH (“brick”), possibly from the BMAC substrate.^[1]^[2] Cognate with Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ištiia, “brick”), Persian (xešt, “brick”).

Pronunciation edit

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /íʂ.ʈɐ.kɑː/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈiʂ.ʈɐ.kɑː/

Noun edit

इष्टका • (íṣṭakā) stem, f ^[3]

Declension edit

Feminine ā-stem declension of इष्टका (íṣṭakā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	इष्टका íṣṭakā	इष्टके íṣṭake	इष्टकाः íṣṭakāḥ
Vocative	इष्टके íṣṭake	इष्टके íṣṭake	इष्टकाः íṣṭakāḥ
Accusative	इष्टकाम् íṣṭakām	इष्टके íṣṭake	इष्टकाः íṣṭakāḥ
Instrumental	इष्टकया / इष्टका¹ íṣṭakayā / íṣṭakā¹	इष्टकाभ्याम् íṣṭakābhyām	इष्टकाभिः íṣṭakābhiḥ
Dative	इष्टकायै íṣṭakāyai	इष्टकाभ्याम् íṣṭakābhyām	इष्टकाभ्यः íṣṭakābhyaḥ
Ablative	इष्टकायाः / इष्टकायै² íṣṭakāyāḥ / íṣṭakāyai²	इष्टकाभ्याम् íṣṭakābhyām	इष्टकाभ्यः íṣṭakābhyaḥ
Genitive	इष्टकायाः / इष्टकायै² íṣṭakāyāḥ / íṣṭakāyai²	इष्टकयोः íṣṭakayoḥ	इष्टकानाम् íṣṭakānām
Locative	इष्टकायाम् íṣṭakāyām	इष्टकयोः íṣṭakayoḥ	इष्टकासु íṣṭakāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Descendants edit

Descendants

Dardic:
- Khowar: اݰٹو (ušṭu)
  - → Phalura: اݜٹو (iṣṭū́)
  - → Yazghulami: [script needed] (uštu), [script needed] (uštū)^[4]
Pali: iṭṭhakā
Prakrit: 𑀇𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀕𑀸 (iṭṭagā), 𑀇𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀸𑀕𑀸 (iṭṭāgā)
- Central:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Hindustani: ī̃ṭh, īṭ, ī̃ṭ, īṭā
      - Hindi: ईंठ, ईट, ईंट, ईटा
      - Urdu: اِیںٹھ (ī̃ṭh), اِیٹ (īṭ), اِیںٹ (ī̃ṭ), اِیٹَہ (īṭa)
        → Dhivehi: އީޓު (īṭu)
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Assamese: ইটা (ita)
    - Bengali: ইট (iṭ), ইঁট (ĩṭ)
    - Bihari: ईँट (ī̃ṭ), ईँटा (ī̃ṭā)
      - Bhojpuri: ईँटि (ī̃ṭi)
      - Maithili: ईँटा (ī̃ṭā)
    - Chakma: 𑄄𑄑𑄴 (iṭ), 𑄃𑄨𑄑𑄴 (iṭ)
    - Odia: ଇଟା (iṭa)
- Northern:
  - Khasa Prakrit:
    - Central Pahari:
      - Garhwali: ईँट (ī̃ṭ)
    - Eastern Pahari:
      - Nepali: इँट (ĩṭ)
- Northwestern:
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Punjabi: iṭṭ
      Gurmukhi script: ਇੱਟ
      
      Shahmukhi script: اِٹّ
      - Lahnda: اٹ (iṭṭ)
    - Sindhi:
      - Kachchi: એટ્ટ (eṭṭ)
- Southern:
  - Helu Prakrit:
    - Sinhalese: උළු (uḷu)
  - Maharastri Prakrit:
    - Konkani: īṭ
      Devanagari script: ईट
      
      Latin script: itt
      
      Kannada script: ಈಟ್
    - Marathi: ईट (īṭ), वीट (vīṭ)
- Western:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Gujarati: ઈંટ (ī̃ṭa)
→ Dravidian:
- Kannada: ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ (iṭṭige)
- Telugu: ఇటుక (iṭuka)
- Kolami: ఇట్కె (iṭke)
- Malayalam: ഇഷ്ടിക (iṣṭika)
- Tamil: இட்டிகை (iṭṭikai)
→ Thai:
- Thai: อิฐ (ìt)

References edit

^
^{The template Template:R:iir:Lubotsky:1999 does not use the parameter(s): 2=*išt(i̯)a- `brick'
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Lubotsky, Alexander (1999) “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎^[1], Helsinki, page 4
^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1949: “*išta-, *išti- ‘brick’”
^ Monier Williams (1899) “इष्टका”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 169/3.
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (1938) “'uštu”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page Í9Β

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “istaka”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 72

[1] {The template Template:R:iir:Lubotsky:1999 does not use the parameter(s): 2=*išt(i̯)a- `brick'
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Lubotsky, Alexander (1999) “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎^[1], Helsinki, page 4

[2] Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1949: “*išta-, *išti- ‘brick’”

[3] Monier Williams (1899) “इष्टका”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 169/3.

[4] Morgenstierne, Georg (1938) “'uštu”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page Í9Β

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