خصم

Arabic

Root
خ ص م (ḵ-ṣ-m)

Verb

خَصَمَ • (ḵaṣama) I, non-past يَخْصِمُ‎ (yaḵṣimu)

1. to defeat
2. to deduct, to subtract; to discount

Conjugation

Conjugation of

خَصَمَ

(form-I sound, verbal noun خَصْم)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						خَصْم ḵaṣm
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						خَاصِم ḵāṣim
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَخْصُوم maḵṣūm
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خَصَمْتُ ḵaṣamtu	خَصَمْتَ ḵaṣamta	خَصَمَ ḵaṣama		خَصَمْتُمَا ḵaṣamtumā	خَصَمَا ḵaṣamā		خَصَمْنَا ḵaṣamnā	خَصَمْتُمْ ḵaṣamtum	خَصَمُوا ḵaṣamū
	f		خَصَمْتِ ḵaṣamti	خَصَمَتْ ḵaṣamat			خَصَمَتَا ḵaṣamatā			خَصَمْتُنَّ ḵaṣamtunna	خَصَمْنَ ḵaṣamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَخْصِمُ ʔaḵṣimu	تَخْصِمُ taḵṣimu	يَخْصِمُ yaḵṣimu		تَخْصِمَانِ taḵṣimāni	يَخْصِمَانِ yaḵṣimāni		نَخْصِمُ naḵṣimu	تَخْصِمُونَ taḵṣimūna	يَخْصِمُونَ yaḵṣimūna
	f		تَخْصِمِينَ taḵṣimīna	تَخْصِمُ taḵṣimu			تَخْصِمَانِ taḵṣimāni			تَخْصِمْنَ taḵṣimna	يَخْصِمْنَ yaḵṣimna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَخْصِمَ ʔaḵṣima	تَخْصِمَ taḵṣima	يَخْصِمَ yaḵṣima		تَخْصِمَا taḵṣimā	يَخْصِمَا yaḵṣimā		نَخْصِمَ naḵṣima	تَخْصِمُوا taḵṣimū	يَخْصِمُوا yaḵṣimū
	f		تَخْصِمِي taḵṣimī	تَخْصِمَ taḵṣima			تَخْصِمَا taḵṣimā			تَخْصِمْنَ taḵṣimna	يَخْصِمْنَ yaḵṣimna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَخْصِمْ ʔaḵṣim	تَخْصِمْ taḵṣim	يَخْصِمْ yaḵṣim		تَخْصِمَا taḵṣimā	يَخْصِمَا yaḵṣimā		نَخْصِمْ naḵṣim	تَخْصِمُوا taḵṣimū	يَخْصِمُوا yaḵṣimū
	f		تَخْصِمِي taḵṣimī	تَخْصِمْ taḵṣim			تَخْصِمَا taḵṣimā			تَخْصِمْنَ taḵṣimna	يَخْصِمْنَ yaḵṣimna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِخْصِمْ iḵṣim			اِخْصِمَا iḵṣimā				اِخْصِمُوا iḵṣimū
	f		اِخْصِمِي iḵṣimī							اِخْصِمْنَ iḵṣimna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خُصِمْتُ ḵuṣimtu	خُصِمْتَ ḵuṣimta	خُصِمَ ḵuṣima		خُصِمْتُمَا ḵuṣimtumā	خُصِمَا ḵuṣimā		خُصِمْنَا ḵuṣimnā	خُصِمْتُمْ ḵuṣimtum	خُصِمُوا ḵuṣimū
	f		خُصِمْتِ ḵuṣimti	خُصِمَتْ ḵuṣimat			خُصِمَتَا ḵuṣimatā			خُصِمْتُنَّ ḵuṣimtunna	خُصِمْنَ ḵuṣimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخْصَمُ ʔuḵṣamu	تُخْصَمُ tuḵṣamu	يُخْصَمُ yuḵṣamu		تُخْصَمَانِ tuḵṣamāni	يُخْصَمَانِ yuḵṣamāni		نُخْصَمُ nuḵṣamu	تُخْصَمُونَ tuḵṣamūna	يُخْصَمُونَ yuḵṣamūna
	f		تُخْصَمِينَ tuḵṣamīna	تُخْصَمُ tuḵṣamu			تُخْصَمَانِ tuḵṣamāni			تُخْصَمْنَ tuḵṣamna	يُخْصَمْنَ yuḵṣamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخْصَمَ ʔuḵṣama	تُخْصَمَ tuḵṣama	يُخْصَمَ yuḵṣama		تُخْصَمَا tuḵṣamā	يُخْصَمَا yuḵṣamā		نُخْصَمَ nuḵṣama	تُخْصَمُوا tuḵṣamū	يُخْصَمُوا yuḵṣamū
	f		تُخْصَمِي tuḵṣamī	تُخْصَمَ tuḵṣama			تُخْصَمَا tuḵṣamā			تُخْصَمْنَ tuḵṣamna	يُخْصَمْنَ yuḵṣamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخْصَمْ ʔuḵṣam	تُخْصَمْ tuḵṣam	يُخْصَمْ yuḵṣam		تُخْصَمَا tuḵṣamā	يُخْصَمَا yuḵṣamā		نُخْصَمْ nuḵṣam	تُخْصَمُوا tuḵṣamū	يُخْصَمُوا yuḵṣamū
	f		تُخْصَمِي tuḵṣamī	تُخْصَمْ tuḵṣam			تُخْصَمَا tuḵṣamā			تُخْصَمْنَ tuḵṣamna	يُخْصَمْنَ yuḵṣamna

Descendants

• → Swahili: -hasimu

Noun

خَصْم • (ḵaṣm) m (plural خُصُوم (ḵuṣūm), feminine خَصْم (ḵaṣm))

1. (common) adversary, opponent

Declension

Declension of noun خَصْم (ḵaṣm)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَصْم ḵaṣm	الْخَصْم al-ḵaṣm	خَصْم ḵaṣm
Nominative	خَصْمٌ ḵaṣmun	الْخَصْمُ al-ḵaṣmu	خَصْمُ ḵaṣmu
Accusative	خَصْمًا ḵaṣman	الْخَصْمَ al-ḵaṣma	خَصْمَ ḵaṣma
Genitive	خَصْمٍ ḵaṣmin	الْخَصْمِ al-ḵaṣmi	خَصْمِ ḵaṣmi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَصْمَيْن ḵaṣmayn	الْخَصْمَيْن al-ḵaṣmayn	خَصْمَيْ ḵaṣmay
Nominative	خَصْمَانِ ḵaṣmāni	الْخَصْمَانِ al-ḵaṣmāni	خَصْمَا ḵaṣmā
Accusative	خَصْمَيْنِ ḵaṣmayni	الْخَصْمَيْنِ al-ḵaṣmayni	خَصْمَيْ ḵaṣmay
Genitive	خَصْمَيْنِ ḵaṣmayni	الْخَصْمَيْنِ al-ḵaṣmayni	خَصْمَيْ ḵaṣmay
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خُصُوم ḵuṣūm	الْخُصُوم al-ḵuṣūm	خُصُوم ḵuṣūm
Nominative	خُصُومٌ ḵuṣūmun	الْخُصُومُ al-ḵuṣūmu	خُصُومُ ḵuṣūmu
Accusative	خُصُومًا ḵuṣūman	الْخُصُومَ al-ḵuṣūma	خُصُومَ ḵuṣūma
Genitive	خُصُومٍ ḵuṣūmin	الْخُصُومِ al-ḵuṣūmi	خُصُومِ ḵuṣūmi

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: xəsm
• → Middle Armenian: խիսմ (xism)
• → Ottoman Turkish: خصم (hasm, hasım)
  • Turkish: hasım
  • → Albanian: hasm
  • → Armenian: խասըմ (xasəm)
  • → Laz: ხასიმი (xasimi)
• → Persian: خصم (xasm)
• → Swahili: hasimu

Noun

خَصْم • (ḵaṣm) m

1. verbal noun of خَصَمَ (ḵaṣama) (form I)

Declension

Declension of noun خَصْم (ḵaṣm)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَصْم ḵaṣm	الْخَصْم al-ḵaṣm	خَصْم ḵaṣm
Nominative	خَصْمٌ ḵaṣmun	الْخَصْمُ al-ḵaṣmu	خَصْمُ ḵaṣmu
Accusative	خَصْمًا ḵaṣman	الْخَصْمَ al-ḵaṣma	خَصْمَ ḵaṣma
Genitive	خَصْمٍ ḵaṣmin	الْخَصْمِ al-ḵaṣmi	خَصْمِ ḵaṣmi

Noun

خُصْم • (ḵuṣm) m (plural أَخْصَام (ʔaḵṣām) or خُصُوم (ḵuṣūm))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Declension

Declension of noun خُصْم (ḵuṣm)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خُصْم ḵuṣm	الْخُصْم al-ḵuṣm	خُصْم ḵuṣm
Nominative	خُصْمٌ ḵuṣmun	الْخُصْمُ al-ḵuṣmu	خُصْمُ ḵuṣmu
Accusative	خُصْمًا ḵuṣman	الْخُصْمَ al-ḵuṣma	خُصْمَ ḵuṣma
Genitive	خُصْمٍ ḵuṣmin	الْخُصْمِ al-ḵuṣmi	خُصْمِ ḵuṣmi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خُصْمَيْن ḵuṣmayn	الْخُصْمَيْن al-ḵuṣmayn	خُصْمَيْ ḵuṣmay
Nominative	خُصْمَانِ ḵuṣmāni	الْخُصْمَانِ al-ḵuṣmāni	خُصْمَا ḵuṣmā
Accusative	خُصْمَيْنِ ḵuṣmayni	الْخُصْمَيْنِ al-ḵuṣmayni	خُصْمَيْ ḵuṣmay
Genitive	خُصْمَيْنِ ḵuṣmayni	الْخُصْمَيْنِ al-ḵuṣmayni	خُصْمَيْ ḵuṣmay
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَخْصَام‎; خُصُوم ʔaḵṣām‎; ḵuṣūm	الْأَخْصَام‎; الْخُصُوم al-ʔaḵṣām‎; al-ḵuṣūm	أَخْصَام‎; خُصُوم ʔaḵṣām‎; ḵuṣūm
Nominative	أَخْصَامٌ‎; خُصُومٌ ʔaḵṣāmun‎; ḵuṣūmun	الْأَخْصَامُ‎; الْخُصُومُ al-ʔaḵṣāmu‎; al-ḵuṣūmu	أَخْصَامُ‎; خُصُومُ ʔaḵṣāmu‎; ḵuṣūmu
Accusative	أَخْصَامًا‎; خُصُومًا ʔaḵṣāman‎; ḵuṣūman	الْأَخْصَامَ‎; الْخُصُومَ al-ʔaḵṣāma‎; al-ḵuṣūma	أَخْصَامَ‎; خُصُومَ ʔaḵṣāma‎; ḵuṣūma
Genitive	أَخْصَامٍ‎; خُصُومٍ ʔaḵṣāmin‎; ḵuṣūmin	الْأَخْصَامِ‎; الْخُصُومِ al-ʔaḵṣāmi‎; al-ḵuṣūmi	أَخْصَامِ‎; خُصُومِ ʔaḵṣāmi‎; ḵuṣūmi

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَصْم (ḵaṣm).

Noun

خصم • (hasm, hasım)

1. enemy

   Synonyms: دشمن (düşman), یاغی (yağı)

Descendants

• Turkish: hasım
• → Albanian: hasm
• → Armenian: խասըմ (xasəm)
• → Laz: ხასიმი (xasimi)

References

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hasım”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خصم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[1], Constantinople: Mihran, page 542
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خصم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[2], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 850

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَصْم (ḵaṣm).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xasm]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäsm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäsm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xäsm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xäsm]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xæsm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χäsm]

Readings
Classical reading?	xasm
Dari reading?	xasm
Iranian reading?	xasm
Tajik reading?	xasm

Noun

Dari	خصم
Iranian Persian
Tajik	хасм

خَسْم • (xasm) (plural خصوم (xosum))

1. (literary) enemy, adversary

   Synonym: دشمن (došman)

   • c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 318”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎^[3]:

     تو خوش می‌باش با حافظ، برو گو خصم جان می‌ده
     چو گرمی از تو می‌بینم، چه باک از خصم دم سردم

     tu xwaš mē-bāš bā hāfiz, biraw gū xasm jān mē-dah
     čū garmī az tu mē-bēnam či bāk az xasm-i dam sard-am

     Be good to Ḥāfiẓ! Go and tell my rival to give up the soul!
     When I see warmth from you, what is there to fear from the inarticulate [lit. cold-breathed] rival?

     (Classical Persian transliteration)

Derived terms

• خصمانه (xasmâne)

 

Further reading

• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “خصم”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
• Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “خصم”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

South Levantine Arabic

Root
خ ص م
1 term

Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Arabic خَصَمَ (ḵaṣama).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xa.sˤam/

Verb

خصم • (ḵaṣam) I (present بخصم (boḵṣom))

1. to discount (an item)
2. to give a discount (to someone) (+ ل)

   اخصملي.

   oḵṣomlī

   Give me a discount.

Conjugation

Conjugation of خصم (ḵaṣam)
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	خصمت (ḵaṣamt)	خصمت (ḵaṣamt)	خصم (ḵaṣam)		خصمنا (ḵaṣamna)	خصمتو (ḵaṣamtu)	خصمو (ḵaṣamu)
	f		خصمتي (ḵaṣamti)	خصمت (ḵaṣmat)
present	m	بخصم (baḵṣom)	بتخصم (btoḵṣom)	بخصم (boḵṣom)		منخصم (mnoḵṣom)	بتخصمو (btoḵṣomu)	بخصمو (boḵṣomu)
	f		بتخصمي (btoḵṣomi)	بتخصم (btoḵṣom)
subjunctive	m	أخصم (ʔaḵṣom)	تخصم (toḵṣom)	يخصم (yoḵṣom)		نخصم (noḵṣom)	تخصمو (toḵṣomu)	يخصمو (yoḵṣomu)
	f		تخصمي (toḵṣomi)	تخصم (toḵṣom)
imperative	m		اخصم (oḵṣom)				اخصمو (oḵṣomu)
	f		اخصمي (oḵṣomi)

Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Arabic خَصْم (ḵaṣm).

Noun

خصم • (ḵaṣm) m (plural خصوم (ḵuṣūm))

1. discount, reduction (in price)

   المعاش بدون خصم ― al-maʔāš bidūn ḵaṣm ― gross income (lit. income without deductions)