घन

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰón-o-s, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φόνος (phónos, “murder, slaughter”) and Old English bana (“murderer”).

Noun edit

घन • (ghaná) stem, m

a killer, striker, destroyer
slaying
an iron club or a mace; a weapon shaped like a hammer

Declension edit

Masculine a-stem declension of घन (ghaná)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घनः ghanáḥ	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghanā́ḥ / ghanā́saḥ¹
Vocative	घन ghána	घनौ / घना¹ ghánau / ghánā¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghánāḥ / ghánāsaḥ¹
Accusative	घनम् ghanám	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनान् ghanā́n
Instrumental	घनेन ghanéna	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनैः / घनेभिः¹ ghanaíḥ / ghanébhiḥ¹
Dative	घनाय ghanā́ya	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Ablative	घनात् ghanā́t	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Genitive	घनस्य ghanásya	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घने ghané	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनेषु ghanéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants edit

Pali: ghana
Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
- Central:
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
    - Awadhi: घन (ghan)
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Hindustani: ghan
      - Hindi: घन
      - Urdu: گھَن (ghan)
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Bihari: घन (ghan)
      - Maithili: घन (ghan)
- Northern:
  - Khasa Prakrit:
    - Central Pahari:
      - Kumaoni: घण (ghaṇ)
    - Eastern Pahari:
      - Nepali: घन (ghan)
    - Western Pahari:
      - Bhadrawahi: घण (ghaṇ)
- Northwestern:
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Takka Apabhramsa:
      - Punjabi: ghaṇ
        Gurmukhi script: ਘਣ
        
        Shahmukhi script: كھَݨ
- Southern:
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
    - Marathi: घण (ghaṇ), घणा (ghaṇā)
- Western:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Gujarati: ઘણ (ghaṇ)

Etymology 2 edit

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to flourish, be full, swell, abound”). If so, then cognate with Lithuanian ganėti (“to be enough, be sufficient, suffice”), Persian (âganj, “full, complete”), Persian (âgandan, “to fill up”), German ganz (“entire, whole”).”

Adjective edit

घन • (ghaná)

compact, dense, solid, hard
viscid, thick

Declension edit

Masculine a-stem declension of घन (ghaná)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घनः ghanáḥ	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghanā́ḥ / ghanā́saḥ¹
Vocative	घन ghána	घनौ / घना¹ ghánau / ghánā¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghánāḥ / ghánāsaḥ¹
Accusative	घनम् ghanám	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनान् ghanā́n
Instrumental	घनेन ghanéna	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनैः / घनेभिः¹ ghanaíḥ / ghanébhiḥ¹
Dative	घनाय ghanā́ya	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Ablative	घनात् ghanā́t	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Genitive	घनस्य ghanásya	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घने ghané	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनेषु ghanéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of घना (ghanā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घना ghanā́	घने ghané	घनाः ghanā́ḥ
Vocative	घने gháne	घने gháne	घनाः ghánāḥ
Accusative	घनाम् ghanā́m	घने ghané	घनाः ghanā́ḥ
Instrumental	घनया / घना¹ ghanáyā / ghanā́¹	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनाभिः ghanā́bhiḥ
Dative	घनायै ghanā́yai	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनाभ्यः ghanā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	घनायाः / घनायै² ghanā́yāḥ / ghanā́yai²	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनाभ्यः ghanā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	घनायाः / घनायै² ghanā́yāḥ / ghanā́yai²	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घनायाम् ghanā́yām	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनासु ghanā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of घन (ghaná)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घनम् ghanám	घने ghané	घनानि / घना¹ ghanā́ni / ghanā́¹
Vocative	घन ghána	घने gháne	घनानि / घना¹ ghánāni / ghánā¹
Accusative	घनम् ghanám	घने ghané	घनानि / घना¹ ghanā́ni / ghanā́¹
Instrumental	घनेन ghanéna	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनैः / घनेभिः¹ ghanaíḥ / ghanébhiḥ¹
Dative	घनाय ghanā́ya	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Ablative	घनात् ghanā́t	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Genitive	घनस्य ghanásya	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घने ghané	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनेषु ghanéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun edit

घन • (ghaná) stem, m

any compact mass or substance

Declension edit

Masculine a-stem declension of घन (ghaná)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	घनः ghanáḥ	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghanā́ḥ / ghanā́saḥ¹
Vocative	घन ghána	घनौ / घना¹ ghánau / ghánā¹	घनाः / घनासः¹ ghánāḥ / ghánāsaḥ¹
Accusative	घनम् ghanám	घनौ / घना¹ ghanaú / ghanā́¹	घनान् ghanā́n
Instrumental	घनेन ghanéna	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनैः / घनेभिः¹ ghanaíḥ / ghanébhiḥ¹
Dative	घनाय ghanā́ya	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Ablative	घनात् ghanā́t	घनाभ्याम् ghanā́bhyām	घनेभ्यः ghanébhyaḥ
Genitive	घनस्य ghanásya	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनानाम् ghanā́nām
Locative	घने ghané	घनयोः ghanáyoḥ	घनेषु ghanéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants edit

Descendants

Dardic:
- Indus Kohistani: ghō̃
- Kalami: gäṇ, gīṇ
- Kalasha: ghóna
- Kashmiri: گونُ (gōnu)
- Phalura: گھاݨ (ghāṇu), گھیݨ (ghēṇi)
- ⇒ Savi: ghaṇyeṛo
- Shumashti: gō̃
- Tirahi: gana
- Torwali: گن (gan), گین (gen)
- Wotapuri-Katarqalai: gan, gen
- → Proto-Nuristani:
  - Ashkun: gäni
  - Waigali: ganala-štä
Pali: ghana
Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
- Central:
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
    - Old Awadhi: घन (ghan)
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
    - Hindustani: ghanā
      - Hindi: घना
      - Urdu: گھَنَا (ghanā)
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Assamese: ঘন (ghon)
      - ⇒ Assamese: ঘনাইব (ghonaibo)
    - Bengali: ঘন (ghono)
    - Bihari: घन (ghan)
      - Old Maithili: घन (ghan)
- Northern:
  - Khasa Prakrit:
    - Central Pahari:
      - Kumaoni: घणो (ghaṇo)
    - Eastern Pahari:
      - Nepali: घनु (ghanu)
- Northwestern:
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Takka Apabhramsa:
      - Lahnda: گھݨا (ghaṇā), گھنے (ghannē)
      - Punjabi: ghaṇā
        Gurmukhi script: ਘਣਾ
        
        Shahmukhi script: گھَݨَا
    - Vracada Apabhramsa:
      - Sindhi: ghaṇo, ghaṇi
        Arabic script: گھَڻو, گھَڻِ
        
        Devanagari script: घणो, घणि
- Southern:
  - Helu Prakrit:
    - Dhivehi: ގިނަ (gina)
    - Sinhalese: ගන (gana)
  - Maharastri Prakrit:
    - Marathi: घण (ghaṇ)
- Western:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Old Gujarati: घणउं (ghaṇaüṃ)
      - Gujarati: ઘણું (ghaṇũ)
      - Marwari: घणो (ghaṇo)
→ Tamil: கனம் (kaṉam)
→ Telugu: ఘనము (ghanamu)

References edit

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ghana”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 238