누르다

Korean

Etymology 1

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 누르〮다〮 (Yale: nwùlú-tá). From Old Korean 押喙 (*NWUt).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈnu(ː)ɾɯda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [누(ː)르다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	nureuda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	nuleuda
McCune–Reischauer?	nurŭda
Yale Romanization?	nwūluta

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	누르다 (nureuda)
Passive	눌리다 (nullida)

누르다 • (nureuda) (infinitive 눌러, sequential 누르니)

1. to press, to push
2. to restrain, to suppress (one's feelings)

   Synonyms: 억누르다 (eongnureuda), 억제(抑制)하다 (eokjehada)

3. to oppress, to repress

   Synonym: 억압(抑壓)하다 (eogaphada)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 누르다 (nureuda): vowel-stem, 르(reu)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	누른다 nureunda	눌러 nulleo	눌러요 nulleoyo	누릅니다 nureumnida
	Past	눌렀다 nulleotda	눌렀어 nulleosseo	눌렀어요 nulleosseoyo	눌렀습니다 nulleotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	누르느냐 nureuneunya	눌러 nulleo	눌러요 nulleoyo	누릅니까 nureumnikka
	Past	눌렀느냐 nulleonneunya	눌렀어 nulleosseo	눌렀어요 nulleosseoyo	눌렀습니까 nulleotseumnikka
Hortative		누르자 nureuja	눌러 nulleo	눌러요 nulleoyo	누르십시다 nureusipsida
Imperative		눌러라 nulleora	눌러 nulleo	눌러요 nulleoyo	누릅시오 nureupsio
Assertive		누르겠다 nureugetda	누르겠어 nureugesseo	누르겠어요 nureugesseoyo	누르겠습니다 nureugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		눌러 nulleo	눌러서 nulleoseo	누르니 nureuni	누르니까 nureunikka
Contrast		누르지만 nureujiman	누르는데 nureuneunde	누르더니 nureudeoni
Conjunction		누르고 nureugo
Condition		누르면 nureumyeon	눌러야 nulleoya
Motive		누르려고 nureuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		누름 nureum	누르기 nureugi
Past-tense verbal nouns		눌렀음 nulleosseum	눌렀기 nulleotgi
Determiners	Past	누른 nureun
	Present	누르는 nureuneun
	Future	누를 nureul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	누르신다 nureusinda	누르셔 nureusyeo	누르세요, 누르셔요 nureuseyo, nureusyeoyo	누르십니다 nureusimnida
	Past	누르셨다 nureusyeotda	누르셨어 nureusyeosseo	누르셨어요 nureusyeosseoyo	누르셨습니다 nureusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	누르시느냐 nureusineunya	누르셔 nureusyeo	누르세요, 누르셔요 nureuseyo, nureusyeoyo	누르십니까 nureusimnikka
	Past	누르셨느냐 nureusyeonneunya	누르셨어 nureusyeosseo	누르셨어요 nureusyeosseoyo	누르셨습니까 nureusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		누르시라 nureusira	누르셔 nureusyeo	누르세요 nureuseyo	누르십시오 nureusipsio
Assertive		누르시겠다 nureusigetda	누르시겠어 nureusigesseo	누르시겠어요 nureusigesseoyo	누르시겠습니다 nureusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		누르셔 nureusyeo	누르셔서 nureusyeoseo	누르시니 nureusini	누르시니까 nureusinikka
Contrast		누르시지만 nureusijiman	누르시는데 nureusineunde	누르시더니 nureusideoni
Conjunction		누르시고 nureusigo
Condition		누르시면 nureusimyeon	누르셔야 nureusyeoya
Motive		누르시려고 nureusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		누르심 nureusim	누르시기 nureusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		누르셨음 nureusyeosseum	누르셨기 nureusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	누르신 nureusin
	Present	누르시는 nureusineun
	Future	누르실 nureusil

Derived terms

• 내리누르다 (naerinureuda)
• 덮누르다 (deomnureuda)
• 억누르다 (eongnureuda)
• 엎누르다 (eomnureuda)
• 짓누르다 (jinnureuda)

 

Etymology 2

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 누르〮다〮 (Yale: nwùlú-tá). From Old Korean 黃等 (*NWOtol).

Possibly ultimately from 눋 (nwut-, “to get a bit burnt”) + *을 (*-ul-, verbal suffix). However, the existence and function of the hypothetical suffix is unclear.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [nuɾɯda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [누르다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	nureuda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	nuleuda
McCune–Reischauer?	nurŭda
Yale Romanization?	nwuluta

Adjective

누르다 • (nureuda) (infinitive 누르러, sequential 누르니)

1. to be golden yellow

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the adjective 누르다 (nureuda): vowel-stem, 러(reo)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	누르다 nureuda	누르러 nureureo	누르러요 nureureoyo	누릅니다 nureumnida
	Past	누르렀다 nureureotda	누르렀어 nureureosseo	누르렀어요 nureureosseoyo	누르렀습니다 nureureotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	누르냐 nureunya	누르러 nureureo	누르러요 nureureoyo	누릅니까 nureumnikka
	Past	누르렀냐 nureureonnya	누르렀어 nureureosseo	누르렀어요 nureureosseoyo	누르렀습니까 nureureotseumnikka
Assertive		누르겠다 nureugetda	누르겠어 nureugesseo	누르겠어요 nureugesseoyo	누르겠습니다 nureugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		누르러 nureureo	누르러서 nureureoseo	누르니 nureuni	누르니까 nureunikka
Contrast		누르지만 nureujiman	누른데 nureunde	누르더니 nureudeoni
Conjunction		누르고 nureugo
Condition		누르면 nureumyeon	누르러야 nureureoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		누름 nureum	누르기 nureugi
Past-tense verbal nouns		누르렀음 nureureosseum	누르렀기 nureureotgi
Determiners	Present		누른 nureun
	Future		누를 nureul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	누르시다 nureusida	누르셔 nureusyeo	누르세요, 누르셔요 nureuseyo, nureusyeoyo	누르십니다 nureusimnida
	Past	누르셨다 nureusyeotda	누르셨어 nureusyeosseo	누르셨어요 nureusyeosseoyo	누르셨습니다 nureusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	누르시냐 nureusinya	누르셔 nureusyeo	누르세요, 누르셔요 nureuseyo, nureusyeoyo	누르십니까 nureusimnikka
	Past	누르셨냐 nureusyeonnya	누르셨어 nureusyeosseo	누르셨어요 nureusyeosseoyo	누르셨습니까 nureusyeotseumnikka
Assertive		누르시겠다 nureusigetda	누르시겠어 nureusigesseo	누르시겠어요 nureusigesseoyo	누르시겠습니다 nureusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		누르셔 nureusyeo	누르셔서 nureusyeoseo	누르시니 nureusini	누르시니까 nureusinikka
Contrast		누르시지만 nureusijiman	누르신데 nureusinde	누르시더니 nureusideoni
Conjunction		누르시고 nureusigo
Condition		누르시면 nureusimyeon	누르셔야 nureusyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		누르심 nureusim	누르시기 nureusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		누르셨음 nureusyeosseum	누르셨기 nureusyeotgi
Determiners	Present		누르신 nureusin
	Future		누르실 nureusil

Derived terms

• 검누르다 (geomnureuda)
• 붉누르다 (bungnureuda)
• 희누르다 (huinureuda)