Appendix:Old Irish f future verbs
The f-future is the most common future formation in Old Irish. It is used in almost all A I and A II verbs, and as the future formation of the very common verb strong verb root ·icc. It is characterized by a usually palatalized suffix -f- of uncertain origin that is added after the verb root. This -f- assimilates after a root-final b to leave just a palatal b or f, as seen in marbaid and con·tibi.
The future stem is used to form the conditional tense (called “secondary future” in some sources including Thurneysen and Strachan) as well as the future itself.
See Category:Old Irish f future verbs for a list of verbs that take the f-future.
Verbs irregularly without an f-future edit
There are a few verbs that do not take an f-future even in classes where it is expected, and take another formation.
Non-deponent endings edit
The f-future in the absolute is scattered in attestation, and virtually no weak verb has even a majority forms attested simultaneously; hence the forms shown below for léicid are constructed on the basis of attested endings.
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | léicfea | léicfe | léicfid | léicfimmi | léicfithe | léicfit | léicfidir | léicfitir |
| Conjunct | ·léiciub | ·léicfe | ·léicfea | ·léicfem | ·léicfid | ·léicfet | ·léicfider | ·léicfetar |
| Relative | léicfes | léicfimme | léicfite | léicfider | léicfiter, léicfetar |
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ·léicfinn | ·léicfeda | ·léicfed | ·léicfimmis | ·léicfide | ·léicfitis | ·léicfide | ·léicfitis |
The f of the f-future (and, in the first-person singular conjunct, the root-final consonant before the ending -iub) is usually palatalized not only in A II verbs but in A I verbs as well, e.g. ·ainfed (“he will remain”) from anaid and ad·elliub (“I will visit”) from ad·ella. However, there are a few cases of nonpalatalized f as well:
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | molfait | |||||||
| Conjunct | ·cumsanfa | ·delcfam | ·ucbaid* | |||||
| *With -baid for usual -faid. | ||||||||
Deponent endings edit
No complete paradigm of the deponent conjugation is attested, but many endings can be deduced on the basis of other conjugations. Taking dechraigidir (“to differ”) as an example onto which attested and deduced endings can be added, we can derive the following:
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | dechraigfer | dechraigfider | dechraigfidir | dechraigfimmir | dechraigfide | dechraigfitir | dechraigfidir | dechraigfitir |
| Conjunct | ·dechraigfer | ·dechraigfider | ·dechraigfedar | ·dechraigfemmar | ·dechraigfid | ·dechraigfetar | ·dechraigfider | ·dechraigfetar |
| Relative | dechraigfes | dechraigfimme | dechraigfite | dechraigfider | dechraigfiter, dechraigfetar |
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ·dechraigfinn | ·dechraigfeda | ·dechraigfed | ·dechraigfimmis | ·dechraigfide | ·dechraigfitis | ·dechraigfide | ·dechraigfitis |
Also in the deponent conjugation there are cases where the f and any preceding consonants are nonpalatalized, for example in molaidir (“to praise”):
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | molfar | molfaider | molfaidir | molfaimmir | molfaide | molfaitir | molfaidir | molfaitir |
| Conjunct | ·molfar | ·molfaider | ·molfadar | ·molfammar | ·molfaid | ·molfatar | ·molfaider | ·molfatar |
| Relative | molfas | molfaimme | molfaite | molfaider | molfaiter, molfatar |
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ·molfainn | ·molfada | ·molfath* | ·molfaimmis | ·molfaide | ·molfaitis | ·molfaide | ·molfaitis |
| * With -fath for usual -fad. | |||||||
Further reading edit
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, §§ 635–44, pages 396–401
- Strachan, John, Bergin, Osborn (1949) Old-Irish Paradigms and Selections from the Old-Irish Glosses, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN, pages 52–55
- McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, pages 41–42