Appendix:Old Irish s subjunctive verbs
The s-subjunctive is generally used in verbs whose root ends in a coronal or velar obstruent or in /n͈/; there are also traces in a few other verbs. It is characterized by the suffix -s-, which assimilates to an r or l that immediately precedes it and to which most other consonants themselves assimilate.
The endings are essential identical to those of the s-future; the past subjunctive has the same endings as the s-conditional. The s-subjunctive is also commonly found in the same verbs as the the s-future; the two can be distinguished by the fact that the future shows reduplication and the subjunctive does not.
See Category:Old Irish s subjunctive verbs for a list of verbs that take the s-subjunctive.
Examples of stem formation edit
The root vowel is generally lengthened when it is anything other than short e, and sometimes lengthened (to ía or é) when it is.
In the following cases. the s has assimilated to a preceding r or l:
Non-deponent endings edit
The forms shown below for guidid (“to pray”) are constructed on the basis of attested endings.
1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute | gessu | geissi | geiss | gesmai | geiste | gessait | gessair | gessaitir |
Conjunct | ·gess | ·geiss | ·gé | ·gessam | ·geissid | ·gessat | ·gessar, ·gestar | ·gessatar |
Relative | gess | gesmae | gestae | gessar | gessatar |
1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
·geissinn | ·gesta | ·geissed | ·gesmais | ·gestae | ·gestais | ·gestae | ·gestais |
Deponent endings edit
The deponent endings are those of the s-conditional.
1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute | messur | messer | mestir | messimmir | meste | messitir | mestir | messitir |
Conjunct | ·messur | ·messer | ·mestar | ·messemmar | ·messid | ·messatar | ·mestar | ·messatar |
Relative | mestar | messammar | messatar | mestar | messatar |
1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
·meissinn | ·mesta | ·meissed | ·mesmais | ·mestae | ·mestais | ·mestae | ·mestais |
Further reading edit
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, §§ 613–32, pages 387–95
- Strachan, John, Bergin, Osborn (1949) Old-Irish Paradigms and Selections from the Old-Irish Glosses, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN, pages 49–51
- McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, pages 33–35