Appendix:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/l/b-ŋa

This entry contains Proto-Sino-Tibetan reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lngaɣ (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *l-ŋa ⪤ b-ŋa (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; LaPolla, 1987; Weidert, 1987); *-ŋa (Matisoff, 1983)

Numeral

Proto-Sino-Tibetan numerals
ONE	*ʔit *kat *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik
TWO	*g/s-ni-s
THREE	*g-sum
FOUR	*b-ləj
FIVE	*l/b-ŋa
SIX	*d-(k-)ruk
SEVEN	*s-ni-s
EIGHT	*b-r-gjat ~ b-g-rjat
NINE	*d/s-kəw
TEN	*gip *ts(j)i(j) ~ tsjaj
TWENTY	*(m-)kul
HUNDRED	*b-r-gja
THOUSAND	*s-toŋ

1. five

Descendants

• Old Chinese: 五 /*C.ŋˁaʔ/
  • Middle Chinese: 五 /ŋuoX/

    →   Japanese:  五 (ご, go)
          Korean:  오 (五, o)
          Vietnamese:  ngũ

    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 五 (wǔ, /u²¹³/)
    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: 五 /ŋ̍¹³/
    • Wu
      • Shanghai: 五 /ɦŋ̍²³/
      • Suzhou: 五 /ŋ̍³¹/
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: ལྔ (lnga) (“five”)
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Written Burmese: ငါး (nga:) (“five”)
    • Loloish
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꉬ (nge) (“five”)
• Karenic:

  /*ŋjatᴰ/ (Luangthongkum, 2013)

  • Sgaw: ယဲၢ် (yä̂) (“five”)

See also

• *ŋa (“I”)
• *s-ŋja (“fish”)