Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/balluz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-n- (“round thing, bubble”), from *bʰel- (“to blow, inflate, swell”). Cognate with Latin follis (“windbag, balloon”).

According to Kroonen, this was originally an n-stem (as preserved in Old High German ballo, German Ballen), and the North Germanic *balluz is an early back-formation from the old accusative plural **balluns.^[1]

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈbɑl.luz/

Noun edit

*balluz m^[2]

round object, ball
(anatomy) ball of the hand, foot, etc.

Inflection edit

u-stemDeclension of *balluz (u-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*balluz	*balliwiz
vocative	*ballu	*balliwiz
accusative	*ballų	*ballunz
genitive	*ballauz	*balliwǫ̂
dative	*balliwi	*ballumaz
instrumental	*ballū	*ballumiz

Alternative reconstructions edit

*ballô^[1]

Related terms edit

*ballô
*balþaz (“bold”)
*bellǭ (“knoll”)
*bullô
*bullǭ
*bulô (“bull”)

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *ballu
- Old English: *beall
  - Middle English: bal, ball, balle
    - English: ball
    - Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball
    - Yola: ball, balbeedhel
- Old Frisian: *bal
  - Saterland Frisian: Baal
  - West Frisian: bal
- Old Saxon: ball, bal
  - Middle Low German: bal
    - German Low German: Ball
    - Plautdietsch: Baul
- Frankish: *ball, *bal
  - Old Dutch: *bal
    - Middle Dutch: bal
      - Dutch: bal
        Afrikaans: bal
        → Caribbean Hindustani: bál
        → Caribbean Javanese: bal
        → Indonesian: bal
        → Papiamentu: bala, balchi
        → Saramaccan: balí
        → Sranan Tongo: bal
        → Sundanese: bal
      - Limburgish: bal
      - West Flemish: bol
  - →? Medieval Latin: balla, palla, bala f
    - >? Italian: palla
    - Old French: balle
      - Middle French: balle
        French: balle
        → Portuguese: bala
        → Shona: bala
      - →? Italian: balla
    - Old French: bale
      - → Middle Dutch: bale
        Dutch: baal
      - → Middle English: bale
        English: bale
    - Occitan: bala
      - ⇒ Italian: pallone, balone, ballone
        → Middle French: ballon (via northern variants)
        French: ballon (see there for further descendants)
        → English: balloon (see there for further descendants)
        → Hijazi Arabic: بَلّونة (ballōna)
    - Portuguese: bala
    - Sicilian: baḍḍa
    - Spanish: bala
    - Venetian: bala
      - ⇒ Venetian: balin
        → Cimbrian: baliin
- Old High German: bal
  - Middle High German: bal, ball
    - Central Franconian: Bal, Ball
    - German: Ball
    - Luxembourgish: Ball
Old Norse: bǫllr
- Icelandic: böllur
- Faroese: bøllur (“lump, clump; something rolled up”)
- Norwegian Bokmål: ball
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ball
- Old Swedish: balder, baller
  - Swedish: boll
- Old Danish: ball, boll, bold
  - Danish: bold; balde, balle (“ball of hand or foot, buttock”)
→ Proto-Finnic:
- Finnish: pallo
- Ingrian: pallo
- → Proto-Samic: *pāllō (see there for further descendants)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ballan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ƀalluz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 34

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ballan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50

[2] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ƀalluz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 34

[1]

[2]