Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-lós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Suffix edit

*(Ø)-lós^[1]^[2]^[3]

Forms agent nouns from verbal roots.
Forms diminutive nouns from noun stems.
Forms adjectives with the sense “pertaining to …” (alternative form of *-rós).
Synonyms: *-nós, *-rós, *-yós

Inflection edit

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*(Ø)-lós
genitive	*(Ø)-lósyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-lós	*(Ø)-lóh₁	*(Ø)-lóes
vocative	*(Ø)-lé	*(Ø)-lóh₁	*(Ø)-lóes
accusative	*(Ø)-lóm	*(Ø)-lóh₁	*(Ø)-lóms
genitive	*(Ø)-lósyo	*?	*(Ø)-lóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-léad	*?	*(Ø)-lómos
dative	*(Ø)-lóey	*?	*(Ø)-lómos
locative	(Ø)-léy, (Ø)-lóy	*?	*(Ø)-lóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-lóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-lṓys

Related terms edit

Derived terms edit

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-lós

*-e-lós (also *-o-lós?)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-elas, *-alas
  - Lithuanian: *-alas
  - Proto-Slavic: *-ъlъ,^{[note 1]} *-ьlъ^{[note 2]} (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *-elos
- Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz^{[note 2]} (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-elós
  - Ancient Greek: -ηλος (-ēlos), ⇒? -ήλας (-ḗlas)
- Proto-Italic: *-elos, *-olos
  - Faliscan: -𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌔 (-elos)
  - Latin: -ulus,^{[note 1]} ⇒? -ilis^{[note 2]} (i-stem) (see there for further descendants)

*-eh₁-lós
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ēˀlas
  - Proto-Slavic: *-ělъ
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *-ēlos
  - >? Ancient Greek: -ηλος (-ēlos), ⇒? -ήλας (-ḗlas)
- Proto-Italic: *-ēlos
  - ⇒ Latin: -ēla f

*-eh₂-lós
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-āˀlas
  - Proto-Slavic: *-alъ
- Proto-Celtic: *-ālos (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *-ālos
  - >? Ancient Greek: -ηλος (-ēlos), ⇒? -ήλας (-ḗlas)

⇒? *-i-los (or perhaps originally thematicized from an old suffix *-yl̥)
- ⇒ *h₂eḱilo-
- Proto-Armenian: *-ilos
  - Old Armenian: -իլ (-il), -իղ (-ił)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ilás
  - >? Proto-Slavic: *-ьlъ^{[note 2]} (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *-u-los^{[note 3]}
- Proto-Albanian: *-ula
  - Albanian: -ull
- >? Proto-Germanic: *-ulaz (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ulás, *-urás
  - Proto-Iranian: *-ulah, *-urah (diminutive suffix)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *-urahakah
    - Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: ـوول (-ûl)
      
      Northern Kurdish: -ûl
    - Classical Persian: ـوله (-ûla)
      Iranian Persian: ـوله (ûle)

Descendants edit

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-lás, *-las
- Proto-Slavic: *-lъ (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *-los
Proto-Germanic: *-laz
Proto-Hellenic: *-lós, *-los
- Ancient Greek: -λός (-lós), -λος (-los)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-lás, *-las, *-rás, *-ras
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-lás, *-las, *-rás, *-ras
  - Sanskrit: -ल (-la), -र (-ra)
- Proto-Iranian: *láh, *-lah, *-ráh, *-rah
Proto-Italic: *-los
- Latin: -lus
Proto-Tocharian: *-le

Notes

The variety of derived forms is usually explained as absorption of the stems from different noun types (o-, eh₂-, i- and u-stems) into the suffix, or as influence from verbal suffixes. Germanic *-a- ~ *-i- ~ *-u- alternation may simply result from a type of umlaut or varying reflexes of a schwa.

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 From the o-grade (possibly merged with *-ol-o-s), but may also reflect *-ulos. Latin -ulus can also be directly from *-elos. Slavic *-ъlъ can also be explained as from regressive hardening.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Can reflect either *-elós or *-ilos.
^ Contaminated by or merged with a separate suffix *-ul-o-s, thematicized from *-wl̥ in late PIE.

References edit

^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 456
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 367
^ Brugmann, Karl with translators Conway, R. Seymour and Rouse, W. H. D. (1891) A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages, 1st edition, volume II, part I, New York: B. Westermann & Co., § 76, page 198

[note2-4] 1.0 ^1.1 From the o-grade (possibly merged with *-ol-o-s), but may also reflect *-ulos. Latin -ulus can also be directly from *-elos. Slavic *-ъlъ can also be explained as from regressive hardening.

[note3-5] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Can reflect either *-elós or *-ilos.

[note1-6] Contaminated by or merged with a separate suffix *-ul-o-s, thematicized from *-wl̥ in late PIE.

[1] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 456

[2] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 367

[3] Brugmann, Karl with translators Conway, R. Seymour and Rouse, W. H. D. (1891) A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages, 1st edition, volume II, part I, New York: B. Westermann & Co., § 76, page 198

[1]

[2]

[3]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]