User:Tropylium/Finnish ideophones

Finnish ideophones are words built on monosyllabic roots that indicate a sound or a type of action. Most cases are onomatopoeia, though certain forms may indicate a type of action (vilistä)

Root structure edit

Regular lexical roots in Finnish are bisyllabic — e.g. elää (to live), käsi (hand), kova (hard) — and follow the principle of arbitraryness of the sign: that is, there is e.g. nothing especially "k-like" about hands, nor nothing especially "j-like" about feet (jalka). Ideophones stray from this pattern. They are firstly built on monosyllabic roots: while a typical lexical root word can normally be used all on its own, an ideophonic root can at most occur by itself as an interjection (loisk, mur). To form a content word (verb, noun, adjective…), an additional derivational suffix has to be added. Often these also involve slightly different suffixes. Secondly, their approximate meaning is often inferrable from the root's constituents through principles of w:sound symbolism.

Vowels edit

A common feature of ideophones is that roots that differ only in their vowel indicate similar sounds or phenomena that differ in their intensity or __. Typical associations are:

  • The vowel a indicates a "neutral" grade.
  • The vowel i indicates high-pitched sounds or actions associated with them.
  • The vowels o, u and more rarely y indicate deeper-pitched sounds or larger-scale actions.
  • The vowel ö indicates muddy or unclear sounds, and may carry a negative connotation.

The root vowel e is found in ideophones only very rarely.

Due to this fact, the tables of words below are not sorted in alphabetical order, but instead according to their consonant skeleton, with related ideophones grouped together by their vowels.

Consonants edit

Continuous roots edit

These roots tend to indicate continuous actions, often oscillation of some kind. They normally have the simple structure (C)VC. Base verbs are regularly derived by the suffix -ista (stem -ise-); action nouns, typically referring to a sound, by the suffix -ina. (The -i- in these may be considered a linking vowel, found in almost all words derived from these roots.)

Since the base verbs are e-stems, frequentatives are not formed by the common -ella, but often by a separate suffix -ittaa.

Roots ending in a stop consonant (p, t, k) are unaffected by consonant gradation, even though many forms would call for a weak grade (jupista : jupisee rather than expected **juvista : jupisee or jupista : **juppisee).

Verbs indicating speech, chatter, herd or crowd noise edit

Group Root Verb Action noun Causative Other False friends
hVl- √hul- hulista hulina
√häl- hälistä hälinä
√höl- hölistä hölinä
√jup- jupista (to mutter) jupina
mVl- √mul- mulista mulina
√myl- mylistä mylinä
√möl- mölistä mölinä
mVr- √mar- marista marina marmattaa
√mur- murista (to growl) murina
√myr- myristä myrinä myreä
√mär- märistä märinä
√mör- möristä mörinä
√mut- mutista (to mutter) mutina
pVl- √pul- pulista (to blabber) pulina
√pöl- pölistä pölinä pölistä (to put out dust), from pöly
√nap- napista napina napittaa (to button), from nappi
√tur- turista (to chatter) turina

Verbs indicating motion edit

Group Root Verb Action noun Causative Others False friends
√hav- havista havina
√säp- säpistä säpinä
tVt- √tut- tutista tutina
√tyt- tytistä tytinä
(dated: 'aladobe')
√vil- vilistä vilinä vilistää
vVp- √vap- vapista (to quake) vapina
√vip- vipistä vipinä vipattaa
√väp- väpistä väpinä väpättää
√vär- väristä (to vibrate) värinä väre (ripple), värjötellä väri (color)

Other edit

Group Root Verb Action noun Causative Other False friends
Vl- √ul- ulista ulina
√äl- älistä älinä
√öl- ölistä ölinä
Vn- √in- inistä ininä
√yn- ynistä yninä
Vr- √ur- urista urina
√är- äristä ärinä
√ör- öristä örinä
√hel- helistä (to jingle) helinä helistää heläjää
hVr- √hor- horista horina
√hur- hurista hurina huristaa
√hyr- hyristä hyrinä
√jyl- jylistä jylinä
√jyt- jytistä jytinä jytistää
kVp- √kap- kapista (to clatter) kapina (rebellion) kapistaa
√kip- kipittää (to skitter) kipinä (spark)
√kop- kopista (to clop) kopina kopistaa (to knock things off) koputtaa (to knock on smth)
kVt- √kit- kitistä kitinä
√kät- kätistä kätinä
lVt- √lit- litistä (to squelch) litinä litistää, from litteä
√lot- lotista (to splash) lotina
√lät- lätistä lätinä
√pir- piristä (to ring) pirinä piristää (to refresh), from pireä
rVp- √rap- rapista rapina rapistaa
√rip- ripistä ripinä ripistää
√rop- ropista ropina
√räp- räpistä räpinä räpistää Probably from: räpyttää
√sol- solista solina
sVr- √sir- siristä (to din) sirinä sirittää siristää (to squint), from sirkeä
√sor- sorista sorina (chatter)
√sur- surista (to buzz) surina suristaa
√sär- säristä (to crackle) särinä
√tir- tiristä (to sizzle) tirinä tiristää (to fry)
√vik- vikistä (to squeak) vikinä vikittää

Punctual roots edit

These roots typically end in two or more consonants, usually including one stop consonant (p, t or k).