gr

See also: GR, Gr, .gr, gr., and Gr.

English

Noun

gr

1. Abbreviation of grain, a unit of mass.
2. (rare) Abbreviation of gram; the standard symbol for gram since the International System of Units was introduced in 1960 is g.

Anagrams

• R&G, RG

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /kʼaːɾ/ → /kʼaːʔ/ → /kʼaːʔ/ → /kʼoːʔ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /kʼaːɾ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /kʼaːʔ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /kʼaːʔ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /kʼoːʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɡɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: ger

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) silent [Pyramid Texts to Late Period]
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.12–2.1:

     jmj pr rn.k jw gr.k m r(ꜣ).k njs.t(w).k

     Let your reputation emerge, even as you stay quiet with your mouth when you are summoned.

2. (intransitive) to be(come) calm, still, dispassionate [New Kingdom]

Inflection

Conjugation of gr (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: gr, geminated stem: grr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
gr	grw, gr	grt	gr, j.gr	gr, j.gr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
gr	ḥr gr	m gr	r gr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	gr.n	consecutive	gr.jn
terminative	grt
perfective3	gr	obligative1	gr.ḫr
imperfective	gr, j.gr1
prospective3	gr	potentialis1	gr.kꜣ
subjunctive	gr, j.gr1

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	gr.n	—	—
perfective	gr	gr	grr, grrj6, gr2, grw2 5, gry2 5
imperfective	j.gr1, gr, gry, grw5	j.gr1, j.grw1 5, gr, grj6, gry6	gr, grw5
prospective	gr, grtj7	grtj4, grt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of gr  

gr	gr
	[since the Middle Kingdom]

Derived terms

• jgrt
• grw

 

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ϭⲟⲩ (cou)
• Sahidic Coptic: ϭⲱ (cō)

Particle

 enclitic

1. also, furthermore, moreover [Old Kingdom to early Middle Kingdom]

Usage notes

This particle can attach to a subject, a verb, or a particle (including the particle of negation nj); unlike the adverb grw, which is often written identically, it does not fall in the syntactic slot of an adverbial element at the end of a clause. In the early Middle Kingdom it fell out of use and was supplanted by grt.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of gr  

jgr	jgr
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]

Adverb

1. Abbreviation of grw (“also, furthermore, any more”).

References

• “gr (lemma ID 167750)” and “gr (lemma ID 167730)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 177–178.5, 179.9–180.7
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 290
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 241.

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (singular) /ɡrɔʂ/, (plural nominative) /ˈɡrɔ.ʂɛ/, (plural genitive) /ˈɡrɔ.ʂɘ/
• Rhymes: -ɔʂ

Noun

gr m inan

1. Abbreviation of grosz.

Further reading

• gr in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• gr in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Xhosa

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɣʱ/

Letter

gr (upper case Gr)

1. A digraph in Xhosa orthography.