lub

See also: lùb, lúb, and łub

Translingual

Symbol

lub

1. (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Luba-Katanga.

Masurian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish lub. By surface analysis, clipping of lubo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈlup]
• Syllabification: lub

Conjunction

lub

1. (sometimes repeated) or, and/or
2. or, that is, i.e.

Further reading

• Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024) “lub”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur‎^[2], volume 4, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, page 53

Old Polish

Etymology

Clipping of lubo. First attested in c. 1487.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /lʲu(ː)p/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /lʲup/

Conjunction

lub

1. or, that is, and/or

   Synonym: lubo

Descendants

• Masurian: lub
• Polish: lub
• Silesian: lub

References

• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “2. lub”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lup/
• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈlup/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -up
• Syllabification: lub
• Homophone: lup

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish lub. By surface analysis, clipping of lubo.

Conjunction

lub

1. (sometimes repeated) or, and/or

   Synonyms: abo, albo, bądź, czy

Alternative forms

• leb, lubo (Middle Polish)

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), lub is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 255 times in scientific texts, 42 times in news, 80 times in essays, 45 times in fiction, and 11 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 433 times, making it the 223rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

lub

1. second-person singular imperative of lubić

Further reading

• lub in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• lub in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “lub, lubo, leb”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “lub”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎^[3]
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “lub”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎^[4]
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “lub”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎^[5] (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 768

Silesian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish lub.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlup/
• Rhymes: -up
• Syllabification: lub

Conjunction

lub

1. (sometimes repeated) or, and/or

   Synonym: abo

Further reading

• lub in dykcjonorz.eu
• lub in silling.org

White Hmong

Etymology

From Proto-Hmong *ʔlɛŋᴬ (“classifier for bowls and houses”), borrowed from Chinese 庵 (ān, “thatched hut”). Cognate with Proto-Mien *ʔnɛɔmᴬ (“id”).

Other proposals consider the word as borrowed from Proto-Tai *lɯ:kᴰ (“child (offspring)”). If that case, then cognate with Thai ลูก (lûuk), Northern Thai ᩃᩪᨠ, Lao ລູກ (lūk), Lü ᦟᦴᧅ (luuk), Tai Dam ꪩꪴꪀ, Shan လုၵ်ႈ (lūk), Tai Nüa ᥘᥧᥐ (luk), Khamti လုက်ႉ, Phake လုက် (luk), Ahom 𑜎𑜤𑜀𑜫 (luk), Bouyei leg, Zhuang lwg. Within Kra-Dai, compare Sui laag (“son”), Proto-Hlai *hlɯːk (“child; offspring”) (whence ɗɯːʔ⁷~ɬɯːʔ⁷~ɬɯːk⁷~ɬɯaʔ⁷ across the different lects) and Proto-Be *ləːkᴰ² (“child; offspring”) (whence lɛk⁸~lək⁸ across the different lects). Compare also Siraya alak.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lu˥/

Classifier

lub

1. classifier for objects characterized by bulk or roundness:
   1. (classifier) ball; round object.
   2. (classifier) building.
   3. (classifier) abstract idea.

References

• Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎^[6], SEAP Publications, →ISBN, page 118.