Egyptian
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Etymology
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Compare with Classical Syriac ܦܪܚ (peraḥ).
Pronunciation
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3ae inf.
- (intransitive) to fly
Inflection
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Conjugation of pꜣj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: pꜣ
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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pꜣt, pꜣj
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pꜣw, pꜣ
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pꜣt, pꜣwt, pꜣyt
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pꜣ
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pꜣ, pꜣy
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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| perfect
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pꜣ.n
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consecutive
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pꜣ.jn
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| terminative
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pꜣt, pꜣyt
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| perfective3
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pꜣ
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obligative1
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pꜣ.ḫr
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| imperfective
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pꜣ, pꜣy
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| prospective3
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pꜣw, pꜣ, pꜣy
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potentialis1
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pꜣ.kꜣ
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| subjunctive
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pꜣ, pꜣy
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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pꜣ.n
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—
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—
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| perfective
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pꜣw1, pꜣy, pꜣ
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pꜣ
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pꜣy, pꜣ
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| imperfective
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pꜣ, pꜣy, pꜣw5
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pꜣ, pꜣj6, pꜣy6
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pꜣ, pꜣw5
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| prospective
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pꜣw1, pꜣy, pꜣ, pꜣtj7
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pꜣwtj1 4, pꜣtj4, pꜣt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
- Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.
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Synonyms
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Determiner
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m sg demonstrative determiner
- (Late Egyptian) this, that
Usage notes
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This demonstrative was primarily a determiner but could also be used alone, as a pronoun. When used as a determiner it precedes the noun it describes.
Inflection
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Old Egyptian demonstratives
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determiners
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pronouns1
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adverbs
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| number
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singular
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dual
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plural
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unmarked
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| gender
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masculine
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feminine
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masculine
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feminine
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masculine
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feminine
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unmarked
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| proximal to speaker
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pn
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tn, jtn
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*jpnj
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*jptnj
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jpn
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jptn
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nn
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—
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| distal
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pf
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tf
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*jpfj
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*jptfj
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jpf
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jptf
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nf
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—
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| proximal to spoken of
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pj, pw, py, p
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tj, tw, jtw
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jpwj
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*jptwj
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jpw
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jptw
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nw
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—
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| vocative
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pꜣ
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tꜣ
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—
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—
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—
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—
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nꜣ
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ꜥꜣ
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- Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
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Middle Egyptian demonstratives
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determiners and pronouns
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adverbs
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| number
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singular
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plural1
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| gender
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masculine
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feminine
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unmarked
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| proximal
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pn
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tn
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nn
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ꜥn
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| distal
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pf, pfꜣ
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tf, tfꜣ
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nf, nfꜣ
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ꜥf
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| ‘copula’; vocative
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pw, pwy
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tw, twy
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nw
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—
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| anaphoric
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pꜣ
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tꜣ
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nꜣ
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ꜥꜣ
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- Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
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Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
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masculine
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feminine
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plural
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adverb
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| pronoun
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pꜣw
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dj
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| determiners and pronouns
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pꜣj
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tꜣj
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nꜣj
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| possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns)
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pꜣy
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tꜣy
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nꜣy
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| relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)
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p-n, pꜣ
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t-nt, tꜣ
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nꜣyw, nꜣ
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| definite articles
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pꜣ
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tꜣ
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nꜣ1
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| indefinite articles
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wꜥ1
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nhꜣy1
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- Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.
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Descendants
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References
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- Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 53
