Egyptian
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Etymology 1
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here
( less common ) there
Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
See also
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Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners
pronouns1
adverbs
number
singular
dual
plural
unmarked
gender
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
unmarked
proximal to speaker
pn
tn , jtn
*jpnj
*jptnj
jpn
jptn
nn
—
distal
pf
tf
*jpfj
*jptfj
jpf
jptf
nf
—
proximal to spoken of
pj , pw , py , p
tj , tw , jtw
jpwj
*jptwj
jpw
jptw
nw
—
vocative
pꜣ
tꜣ
—
—
—
—
nꜣ
ꜥꜣ
Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns
adverbs
number
singular
plural1
gender
masculine
feminine
unmarked
proximal
pn
tn
nn
ꜥn
distal
pf , pfꜣ
tf , tfꜣ
nf , nfꜣ
ꜥf
‘copula’; vocative
pw , pwy
tw , twy
nw
—
anaphoric
pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ
ꜥꜣ
Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine
feminine
plural
adverb
pronoun
pꜣw
dj
determiners and pronouns
pꜣj
tꜣj
nꜣj
possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns)
pꜣy
tꜣy
nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)
p-n , pꜣ
t-nt , tꜣ
nꜣyw , nꜣ
definite articles
pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ 1
indefinite articles
wꜥ 1
nhꜣy 1
Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.
Etymology 2
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Pronunciation
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Adjective
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perfective active participle of ꜥꜣj : big , great , important
Synonym: wr
Inflection
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Declension of ꜥꜣ (perfective active participle)
masculine
feminine
singular
ꜥꜣ
ꜥꜣt
dual
ꜥꜣwj
ꜥꜣtj
plural
ꜥꜣw
ꜥꜣwt 1 , ꜥꜣt 2
Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.
Along with bjn and nfr , ꜥꜣ is one of the few Egyptian adjectives that continued to show remnants of gender and number inflection into Late Egyptian (and beyond).[2]
Alternative forms
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See under the main verb .
Derived terms
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See under the main verb .
Descendants
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Bohairic Coptic: ⲟ ( o ) , ⲱ ( ō )
Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁ ( a )
Old Coptic: ⲟ ( o ) , ⲱ ( ō ) , ⲁ- ( a- )
Sahidic Coptic: ⲟ ( o ) , ⲱ ( ō ) , ⲟⲩ ( ou )
m
greatness ; prestige and power or importance [since Middle Kingdom literature]
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE ,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 139–140:
sḏd.j bꜣw.k n jtj dj.j sšꜣ.f m ꜥꜣ .k I will recount your ba -power to the sovereign and make him aware of your greatness .
a great deed (done to someone)
Inflection
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Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
Derived terms
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m
distinguished or respected person or god , great one
older person , elder
( in titles ) leader , head (of something)
Inflection
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Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
Derived terms
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Descendants
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(Compounded with nj ( “ of ” ) :)
⇒ Demotic: ꜥꜣ n
Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- ( an- )
Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- ( an- )
Etymology 3
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Possibly onomatopoeic , from the animal’s cry (hee-haw ).
Pronunciation
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m
ass , donkey
Inflection
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Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Demotic: ꜥꜣ
Akhmimic Coptic: ⲓⲟⲩ ( iou )
Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲱ ( iō ) , ⲉⲱ ( eō ) , ⲓⲁⲱ ( iaō )
Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓⲱ ( iō )
Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱ ( eiō )
Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱ ( eiō ) , ⲓⲱ ( iō ) , ⲉⲉⲓⲱ ( eeiō ) , ⲉⲓⲟⲩ ( eiou ) , ⲉⲱ ( eō ) , ⲉⲟⲩ ( eou ) , ⲓⲁⲱ ( iaō )
Etymology 4
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m
doorleaf , single door
( in the dual ) double door
sarcophagus lid
Inflection
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Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
Derived terms
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Etymology 5
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m
column , pillar
part of a ship : mast ?
Inflection
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Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
References
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Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1926 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [1] , volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN , pages 161.3–162.12, 162.18–163.7, 163.9–163.10, 164.7–165.11
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962 ) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian , Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN , pages 37–38
Hoch, James (1997 ) Middle Egyptian Grammar , Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN , page 41
James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN , page 457 .
^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995 ) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN , page 57
^ Junge, Friedrich (2005 ) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction , second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 66