sꜣḥ

See also: sꜣḫ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɑh/
  • Conventional anglicization: sah

Noun

 m

1. toe

Inflection

Declension of sꜣḥ (masculine)

singular	sꜣḥ
dual	sꜣḥwj
plural	sꜣḥw

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to set foot on, to arrive at
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 101–103:

     ḏꜥ pr(.w) jw.n m wꜣḏ-wr tp ꜥ sꜣḥ.n tꜣ

     A stormwind emerged while we were at sea, before we could set foot on land.

   • c. 1859 BCE – 1800 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version B2 (pAmherst 2 and pBerlin 3025) lines 101–103:

     jr sqdd ẖr.f nj sꜣḥ.n.f tꜣ nj mjn.n dpwt.f r dmj.s

     As for him who sails with it, he cannot set foot on land, and his boat cannot moor at its harbor.

Inflection

Conjugation of sꜣḥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sꜣḥ, geminated stem: sꜣḥḥ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
sꜣḥ	sꜣḥw, sꜣḥ	sꜣḥt	sꜣḥ	sꜣḥ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
sꜣḥ	ḥr sꜣḥ	m sꜣḥ	r sꜣḥ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sꜣḥ.n	sꜣḥw, sꜣḥ	consecutive	sꜣḥ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	sꜣḥt
perfective3	sꜣḥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	sꜣḥ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	sꜣḥ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	sꜣḥ	sꜣḥḥ	potentialis1	sꜣḥ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	sꜣḥ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sꜣḥ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	sꜣḥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	sꜣḥ	sꜣḥ, sꜣḥw5, sꜣḥy5
imperfective	sꜣḥ, sꜣḥy, sꜣḥw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	sꜣḥ, sꜣḥj6, sꜣḥy6	sꜣḥ, sꜣḥw5
prospective	sꜣḥ, sꜣḥtj7	—	sꜣḥtj4, sꜣḥt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sꜣḥ  

sꜣḥ

Derived terms

• sꜣḥ-wj-rꜥ

Proper noun

 m

1. (astronomy) Orion (constellation)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 36.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 98