văn minh
See also: Văn Minh
Vietnamese edit
Etymology edit
Sino-Vietnamese word from 文明, composed of 文 (“literature”) and 明 (“bright”), Japanese 文明 (bunmei), Literary Chinese 文明 (wénmíng, “brilliant; glorious”).
Pronunciation edit
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [van˧˧ mïŋ˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [vaŋ˧˧ mɨn˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [vaŋ˧˧ mɨn˧˧] ~ [jaŋ˧˧ mɨn˧˧]
Adjective edit
- civilized
- xã hội công bằng, dân chủ, văn minh ― a fair, democratic, civilized society
Noun edit
- civilization (organized culture)
- văn minh nhân loại ― human civilization