-nya

See also: nya, NYA, nyā, and -nya-

Indonesian

Alternative forms

• -nja (pre-1947, 1947-1972)

Etymology

From Malay -nya, from Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a (compare Tagalog niya (“third person pronoun clitic”), Javanese -ne (“third person pronoun clitic”), Madurese -na).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɲa/, [ˈɲa]

Suffix

-nya

1. (dative) to him, to her, to it
2. (object of a preposition) him, her, it
3. (accusative) him, her, it
4. his, her, its (attributive: belonging to him / her / it)

   Ini rumahnya. ― This is his / her / its house.

5. (emphasis) as a stress to a word or sentence.

   Bersihnya ruangan ini!

   How clean is this room!

Usage notes

The usage of this suffix is very diverse, but not all words could take -nya for some senses.

• -nya as a third-person singular possessive (possession): Budi mengambil makanannya di kedai. means makanan is owned by Budi.
• -nya as a third-person singular objective: Budi menemaninya ke kedai. (active), or Ani ditemaninya ke kedai. (passive). -nya works as a replacement of Ani in the former and Budi in the latter sentence.
• -nya as a definite marker: Budi, makanannya mana?. The definite marker means that the food in question is a specific food, not just any food. Similar to the definite article the in "Budi, where is the food?"
• -nya as a possessed case: Ini makanannya Budi, bukan makanannya Ani., Makanannya Budi mana? considered redundant but often acceptable in standard grammar, common in casual speech. Compare his genitive in early Modern English.
• -nya as a verb nominalizer: Kamu ambilnya jangan begitu. The -nya here changes the verb ambil into a noun verb. This usage is more common in casual speech.

Derived terms

• se- -nya

 

Indonesian terms suffixed with -nya

Further reading

• “-nya” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Kambera

Pronoun

-nya

1. third person singular dative enclitic

Particle

-nya

1. continuative aspect enclitic

   Laku-nggu-nya.

   I am going.

See also

Kambera pronominal clitics

	Nominative	Genitive	Accusative	Dative
1sg	ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
2sg	mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
3sg	na-	-na	-ya	-nya
1pl.incl	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
1pl.excl	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
2pl	mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
3pl	da-	-da	-ha	-nja

References

• Marian Klamer (2000) “Continuative Aspect and the Dative Clitic in Kambera”, in Mark Campana, Ileana Paul, Vivianne Phillips, Lisa Travis, editors, Formal Issues in Austronesian Linguistics (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory; 49), Springer Netherlands, →ISBN, page 58

Malay

Alternative forms

• -ڽ

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

Pronunciation

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /ɲə/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /ɲa/
• Rhymes: -ɲə, -ə

Suffix

-nya (Jawi spelling -ڽ)

1. (dative) to him, to her, to it
2. (objective after preposition) him, her, it
3. (accusative) him, her, it
4. his, her, its (attributive: belonging to him / her / it)

   rumahnya ― his/her/its house

5. (emphasis) as a stress to a word or sentence.

   Wah, cantiknya bunga ini!

   Wow, this flower is so beautiful!

Usage notes

When used to address God, a capital letter and hyphen is used.

1. dari-Nya ― from Them (God)

Descendants

• Indonesian: -nya
• → Petjo: -nja

See also

Malay personal pronouns

		singular	plural
1st person	standard	saya / ساي aku/ku- / اکو / كو- (informal/towards God) -ku / -كو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated)	kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive)
	royal	beta / بيتا
2nd person	standard	kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal)
		engkau/kau- / اڠکاو/ كاو- (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / -مو (possessive)	awak semua / اوق سموا kamu semua / كامو سموا kalian / کالين (informal) kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal)
	royal	tuanku / توانكو
3rd person	standard	dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / -ڽ (possessive)	mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal)
	royal	baginda / بݢيندا