در

See also: ڈر, ذر, دز, and دژ

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
د ر ر (d-r-r)

From Proto-Afroasiatic *dâr- (“to increase”). Cognate with Old South Arabian 𐩵𐩧𐩧 (drr, “abundance, harvest”).

Verb

دَرَّ • (darra) I, non-past يَدِرُّ or يَدُرُّ‎ (yadirru or yadurru)

1. to flow copiously
2. to stream, to flow, to well
3. to accrue
4. to be abundant, to be plentiful

Conjugation

Conjugation of

دَرَّ

(form-I geminate, verbal noun دَرّ)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						دَرّ darr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						دَارّ dārr
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَدْرُور madrūr
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	دَرَرْتُ darartu	دَرَرْتَ dararta	دَرَّ darra		دَرَرْتُمَا darartumā	دَرَّا darrā		دَرَرْنَا dararnā	دَرَرْتُمْ darartum	دَرُّوا darrū
	f		دَرَرْتِ dararti	دَرَّتْ darrat			دَرَّتَا darratā			دَرَرْتُنَّ darartunna	دَرَرْنَ dararna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَدِرُّ or أَدُرُّ ʔadirru or ʔadurru	تَدِرُّ or تَدُرُّ tadirru or tadurru	يَدِرُّ or يَدُرُّ yadirru or yadurru		تَدِرَّانِ or تَدُرَّانِ tadirrāni or tadurrāni	يَدِرَّانِ or يَدُرَّانِ yadirrāni or yadurrāni		نَدِرُّ or نَدُرُّ nadirru or nadurru	تَدِرُّونَ or تَدُرُّونَ tadirrūna or tadurrūna	يَدِرُّونَ or يَدُرُّونَ yadirrūna or yadurrūna
	f		تَدِرِّينَ or تَدُرِّينَ tadirrīna or tadurrīna	تَدِرُّ or تَدُرُّ tadirru or tadurru			تَدِرَّانِ or تَدُرَّانِ tadirrāni or tadurrāni			تَدْرِرْنَ or تَدْرُرْنَ tadrirna or tadrurna	يَدْرِرْنَ or يَدْرُرْنَ yadrirna or yadrurna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَدِرَّ or أَدُرَّ ʔadirra or ʔadurra	تَدِرَّ or تَدُرَّ tadirra or tadurra	يَدِرَّ or يَدُرَّ yadirra or yadurra		تَدِرَّا or تَدُرَّا tadirrā or tadurrā	يَدِرَّا or يَدُرَّا yadirrā or yadurrā		نَدِرَّ or نَدُرَّ nadirra or nadurra	تَدِرُّوا or تَدُرُّوا tadirrū or tadurrū	يَدِرُّوا or يَدُرُّوا yadirrū or yadurrū
	f		تَدِرِّي or تَدُرِّي tadirrī or tadurrī	تَدِرَّ or تَدُرَّ tadirra or tadurra			تَدِرَّا or تَدُرَّا tadirrā or tadurrā			تَدْرِرْنَ or تَدْرُرْنَ tadrirna or tadrurna	يَدْرِرْنَ or يَدْرُرْنَ yadrirna or yadrurna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَدِرَّ or أَدِرِّ or أَدْرِرْ or أَدُرَّ or أَدُرِّ or أَدْرُرْ ʔadirra or ʔadirri or ʔadrir or ʔadurra or ʔadurri or ʔadrur	تَدِرَّ or تَدِرِّ or تَدْرِرْ or تَدُرَّ or تَدُرِّ or تَدْرُرْ tadirra or tadirri or tadrir or tadurra or tadurri or tadrur	يَدِرَّ or يَدِرِّ or يَدْرِرْ or يَدُرَّ or يَدُرِّ or يَدْرُرْ yadirra or yadirri or yadrir or yadurra or yadurri or yadrur		تَدِرَّا or تَدُرَّا tadirrā or tadurrā	يَدِرَّا or يَدُرَّا yadirrā or yadurrā		نَدِرَّ or نَدِرِّ or نَدْرِرْ or نَدُرَّ or نَدُرِّ or نَدْرُرْ nadirra or nadirri or nadrir or nadurra or nadurri or nadrur	تَدِرُّوا or تَدُرُّوا tadirrū or tadurrū	يَدِرُّوا or يَدُرُّوا yadirrū or yadurrū
	f		تَدِرِّي or تَدُرِّي tadirrī or tadurrī	تَدِرَّ or تَدِرِّ or تَدْرِرْ or تَدُرَّ or تَدُرِّ or تَدْرُرْ tadirra or tadirri or tadrir or tadurra or tadurri or tadrur			تَدِرَّا or تَدُرَّا tadirrā or tadurrā			تَدْرِرْنَ or تَدْرُرْنَ tadrirna or tadrurna	يَدْرِرْنَ or يَدْرُرْنَ yadrirna or yadrurna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		دِرَّ or دِرِّ or اِدْرِرْ or دُرَّ or دُرِّ or اُدْرُرْ dirra or dirri or idrir or durra or durri or udrur			دِرَّا or دُرَّا dirrā or durrā				دِرُّوا or دُرُّوا dirrū or durrū
	f		دِرِّي or دُرِّي dirrī or durrī							اِدْرِرْنَ or اُدْرُرْنَ idrirna or udrurna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	—	—	دُرَّ durra		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	يُدَرُّ yudarru		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	يُدَرَّ yudarra		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	يُدَرَّ or يُدَرِّ or يُدْرَرْ yudarra or yudarri or yudrar		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—

Etymology 2

Noun

دَرّ • (darr) m

1. verbal noun of دَرَّ (darra) (form I)
2. copious flow of milk
3. milk, lactation
4. achievement, accomplishment
5. nature, natural disposition
6. soul, mind, intellect

Declension

Declension of noun دَرّ (darr)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دَرّ darr	الدَّرّ ad-darr	دَرّ darr
Nominative	دَرٌّ darrun	الدَّرُّ ad-darru	دَرُّ darru
Accusative	دَرًّا darran	الدَّرَّ ad-darra	دَرَّ darra
Genitive	دَرٍّ darrin	الدَّرِّ ad-darri	دَرِّ darri

Derived terms

• لِلَّٰهِ دَرُّكَ (lillāhi darruka)

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “در”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[1], London: W.H. Allen

Etymology 3

Noun

دُرّ • (durr) m (collective, singulative دُرَّة f (durra), paucal دُرَّات (durrāt) or دُرَر (durar))

1. pearls

   Synonym: لُؤْلُؤ (luʔluʔ)

Declension

Declension of noun دُرّ (durr)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دُرّ durr	الدُّرّ ad-durr	دُرّ durr
Nominative	دُرٌّ durrun	الدُّرُّ ad-durru	دُرُّ durru
Accusative	دُرًّا durran	الدُّرَّ ad-durra	دُرَّ durra
Genitive	دُرٍّ durrin	الدُّرِّ ad-durri	دُرِّ durri
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دُرَّة durra	الدُّرَّة ad-durra	دُرَّة durrat
Nominative	دُرَّةٌ durratun	الدُّرَّةُ ad-durratu	دُرَّةُ durratu
Accusative	دُرَّةً durratan	الدُّرَّةَ ad-durrata	دُرَّةَ durrata
Genitive	دُرَّةٍ durratin	الدُّرَّةِ ad-durrati	دُرَّةِ durrati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دُرَّتَيْن durratayn	الدُّرَّتَيْن ad-durratayn	دُرَّتَيْ durratay
Nominative	دُرَّتَانِ durratāni	الدُّرَّتَانِ ad-durratāni	دُرَّتَا durratā
Accusative	دُرَّتَيْنِ durratayni	الدُّرَّتَيْنِ ad-durratayni	دُرَّتَيْ durratay
Genitive	دُرَّتَيْنِ durratayni	الدُّرَّتَيْنِ ad-durratayni	دُرَّتَيْ durratay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal‎; basic broken paucal triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	دُرَّات‎; دُرَر durrāt‎; durar	الدُّرَّات‎; الدُّرَر ad-durrāt‎; ad-durar	دُرَّات‎; دُرَر durrāt‎; durar
Nominative	دُرَّاتٌ‎; دُرَرٌ durrātun‎; durarun	الدُّرَّاتُ‎; الدُّرَرُ ad-durrātu‎; ad-duraru	دُرَّاتُ‎; دُرَرُ durrātu‎; duraru
Accusative	دُرَّاتٍ‎; دُرَرًا durrātin‎; duraran	الدُّرَّاتِ‎; الدُّرَرَ ad-durrāti‎; ad-durara	دُرَّاتِ‎; دُرَرَ durrāti‎; durara
Genitive	دُرَّاتٍ‎; دُرَرٍ durrātin‎; durarin	الدُّرَّاتِ‎; الدُّرَرِ ad-durrāti‎; ad-durari	دُرَّاتِ‎; دُرَرِ durrāti‎; durari

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: dürr
• → Uzbek: dur

Etymology 4

Verb

دُرْ • (dur) (form I)

1. second-person masculine singular active imperative of دَارَ (dāra)

Northern Kurdish

Etymology

From Old Armenian դար (dar, “high place, precipice”).

Noun

در (dir) ?

1. side of a mountain

References

• Jaba, Auguste, Justi, Ferdinand (1879) Dictionnaire Kurde-Français [Kurdish–French Dictionary], Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences
• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “դար”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Noun

در • (der)

1. Alternative form of تر (ter, “sweat”)

Etymology 2

From Classical Persian در (durr), from Arabic دُرّ (durr).

Noun

در • (dür)

1. pearl
2. (figurative) a beautiful girl

Etymology 3

From Persian در (dar).

Preposition

در • (der)

1. in, into
2. within, among

Etymology 4

Contraction of دورور (durur, “it stands”).

Verb

در • (dır, dir, dur, dür)

1. (he, she, it) is; (they) are

Descendants

• Turkish: -dır, -dir, -dur, -dür

Etymology 5

Phrase

در • (dur)

1. it is

Alternative forms

• دورر, دور — considered old by the 19th century

References

• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “در”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[2], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 892

Pashto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dar/

Pronoun

در • (dar)

1. toward you (pronominal prefix of the second person)

Persian

Etymology 1

From Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (byn /⁠andar⁠/, “in, among, towards, concerning”), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”), from Proto-Iranian, Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hantara-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”).

Alternative forms

• اندر (andar) (archaic)

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [daɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪ä]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dar
Dari reading?	dar
Iranian reading?	dar
Tajik reading?	dar

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ar

Preposition

Dari	در
Iranian Persian
Tajik	дар

در • (dar)

1. at

   در خانه

   dar xâne

   at home

2. in

   در کیف

   dar kif

   in a bag

3. within, among
4. to

Synonyms

• (informal) تو (tu)
• (in): داخل (dâxel-e), درون (darun-e)

Etymology 2

From Middle Persian 𐭡𐭡𐭠 (dar, “gate, court, palace, chapter, subject”), from Old Persian 𐎯𐎺𐎼𐎹𐎠 (duvar-, “door, gate”), from Proto-Iranian *dwar- (compare Northern Kurdish derî, Ossetian дуар (dwar), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (duuar^əm)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwar- (compare Sanskrit द्वार (dvā́ra), Hindi बार (bār) / Urdu بار (bār)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“gate, door”) (compare English door, German Tür, Armenian դուռ (duṙ), Irish doras and Russian дверь (dverʹ)).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [daɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dar
Dari reading?	dar
Iranian reading?	dar
Tajik reading?	dar

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Noun

Dari	دَروازهَ
Iranian Persian	در
Tajik	дар

در • (dar) (plural درها (dar-hâ))

1. (chiefly Iran) door
2. (chiefly Iran) lid
3. (dated) court
4. (dated) topic, subject
5. (dated) chapter

Usage notes

• The usage of در as "door", while still understood, has become uncommon in Dari.

Derived terms

• دری (dari)
• دربار (darbâr)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /deɾ/

Verb

در • (der)

1. (dialectal, Mashhad) present stem form of دیشتن

   حالا کم کم می‌بینُم کار دِرَه بالا می‌گیرِه.

   hâlâ kam kam mi-binom kâr dera bâlâ mi-gire.

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Arabic دُرّ (durr).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [duɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪uɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪oɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪uɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dur
Dari reading?	dur
Iranian reading?	dor
Tajik reading?	dur

Noun

در • (dorr)

1. pearl

Etymology 5

Verb

در • (dar)

1. present stem form of دریدن (daridan)

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “در”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian در (dar). Doublet of دوار (dvār).

Noun

دَر • (dar) m (Hindi spelling दर) (poetic)

1. door

Related terms

• دروازہ (darwāza, “door”)
• دربار (darbâr, “royal court, durbar”)

Ushojo

Etymology 1

Preposition

در (dar)

1. inside, in, into

Adverb

در (dar)

1. in something

Etymology 2

From Classical Persian در (dar).

Noun

در (dar)

1. door

   Synonym: دروازو (darvāzō)